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<p>This study explores complex relationships among socio-economic dynamics, land use transformations, and thermal environmental changes on Saint Martin’s Island employing an integrated methodology, combining primary household surveys with Landsat-8 remote sensing analysis. A comprehensive questionnaire survey conducted among 225 households indicated Limited Literacy levels and economic constraints. Specifically, 88% of families have fewer than three income earners with an average monthly income of 15,000 BDT, which drives land conversion decisions. 46% of respondents are engaged in tourism-related enterprises due to limited alternative livelihoods. These socio-economic pressures directly impact environmental vulnerability through accelerated land use changes. Multitemporal analysis of Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS data (30&#xa0;m spatial resolution, 2018–2022) using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Urban Heat Island (UHI) demonstrated notable environmental deterioration. The findings indicate that households with lower literacy and income levels tend to convert agricultural and residential land into commercial use, resulting in vegetation decline, expansion of built-up area (80.28% increase in NDBI), and concerning thermal deterioration by the UHI intensity, which increases from 2.6&#xa0;°C to 3.8&#xa0;°C in the hotspot areas. Correlation analysis further revealed that socioeconomically vulnerable areas exhibit the strongest negative correlations between vegetation cover and thermal parameters (NDVI-LST: <i>r</i> = -0.576), whereas urban expansion shows a positive correlation with temperature increases (NDBI-LST: <i>r</i> = 0.393). The northwestern region, characterized by the highest concentration of development driven by economic factors, experienced the most pronounced UHI intensification (1.9&#xa0;°C), thereby illustrating how socio-economic constraints increase heat vulnerability and environmental degradation.</p>

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The effects of Socio-economic conditions and land use pattern on land surface temperature and urban heat Island at saint martin’s Island in Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月27日

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  • Md. Rakib Hasan Rony,
  • Farhana Akter Jannat,
  • Avishek Adhikari,
  • Shahorare Ahomed,
  • Md. Rabiul Haque,
  • Md. Zakiur Rahman,
  • Md. Mostafizur Rahman

摘要

This study explores complex relationships among socio-economic dynamics, land use transformations, and thermal environmental changes on Saint Martin’s Island employing an integrated methodology, combining primary household surveys with Landsat-8 remote sensing analysis. A comprehensive questionnaire survey conducted among 225 households indicated Limited Literacy levels and economic constraints. Specifically, 88% of families have fewer than three income earners with an average monthly income of 15,000 BDT, which drives land conversion decisions. 46% of respondents are engaged in tourism-related enterprises due to limited alternative livelihoods. These socio-economic pressures directly impact environmental vulnerability through accelerated land use changes. Multitemporal analysis of Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS data (30 m spatial resolution, 2018–2022) using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Urban Heat Island (UHI) demonstrated notable environmental deterioration. The findings indicate that households with lower literacy and income levels tend to convert agricultural and residential land into commercial use, resulting in vegetation decline, expansion of built-up area (80.28% increase in NDBI), and concerning thermal deterioration by the UHI intensity, which increases from 2.6 °C to 3.8 °C in the hotspot areas. Correlation analysis further revealed that socioeconomically vulnerable areas exhibit the strongest negative correlations between vegetation cover and thermal parameters (NDVI-LST: r = -0.576), whereas urban expansion shows a positive correlation with temperature increases (NDBI-LST: r = 0.393). The northwestern region, characterized by the highest concentration of development driven by economic factors, experienced the most pronounced UHI intensification (1.9 °C), thereby illustrating how socio-economic constraints increase heat vulnerability and environmental degradation.