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<p>Pedestrian-level wind environment (PLWE) is crucial for outdoor thermal comfort. Combining field measurements and numerical simulations, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the urban block scale PLWE in Reykjavik, a city with a cold climate and high wind exposure, and identify the urban block morphologies that contributes to wind environment optimization. The local urban blocks were classified into three types based on spatial morphological characteristics. The results demonstrated that Reykjavik exhibited generally high pedestrian-level wind speeds, with many areas having Suboptimal wind comfort conditions, indicating the importance of wind protection. Among the three block types, the wind amplification factor of loose blocks exceeded that of compact blocks and detached houses blocks by 0.132 and 0.101, respectively, while the proportion of comfortable wind speed intervals was 37% and 25% lower, indicating the worst PLWE. The spatial morphology of compact blocks was contributed most to wind protection, while detached houses blocks fell in between. Among morphological indicators, frontal area density and building façade density were the two most applicable factors affecting local PLWE. Their correlations with wind speed reached − 0.774 and − 0.734, respectively, based on measured data, and − 0.860 and − 0.858, respectively, based on simulated data. Despite slightly overestimating the wind speed, ENVI-met generally exhibited a high degree of consistency with the measured data (<i>r</i> = 0.863, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), demonstrating the applicability of this software. The findings provide theoretical support for climate-adaptive urban design for Reykjavik and comparative climate region, and enrich the PLWE research for cold, windy areas of Northern Europe.</p>

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A field-numerical integrated study on pedestrian-Level wind environment of urban blocks in reykjavik, a cold and windy area

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Tong Ma

摘要

Pedestrian-level wind environment (PLWE) is crucial for outdoor thermal comfort. Combining field measurements and numerical simulations, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the urban block scale PLWE in Reykjavik, a city with a cold climate and high wind exposure, and identify the urban block morphologies that contributes to wind environment optimization. The local urban blocks were classified into three types based on spatial morphological characteristics. The results demonstrated that Reykjavik exhibited generally high pedestrian-level wind speeds, with many areas having Suboptimal wind comfort conditions, indicating the importance of wind protection. Among the three block types, the wind amplification factor of loose blocks exceeded that of compact blocks and detached houses blocks by 0.132 and 0.101, respectively, while the proportion of comfortable wind speed intervals was 37% and 25% lower, indicating the worst PLWE. The spatial morphology of compact blocks was contributed most to wind protection, while detached houses blocks fell in between. Among morphological indicators, frontal area density and building façade density were the two most applicable factors affecting local PLWE. Their correlations with wind speed reached − 0.774 and − 0.734, respectively, based on measured data, and − 0.860 and − 0.858, respectively, based on simulated data. Despite slightly overestimating the wind speed, ENVI-met generally exhibited a high degree of consistency with the measured data (r = 0.863, p < 0.01), demonstrating the applicability of this software. The findings provide theoretical support for climate-adaptive urban design for Reykjavik and comparative climate region, and enrich the PLWE research for cold, windy areas of Northern Europe.