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<p>Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when the urban areas become significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas due to the built-up infrastructures, reduced vegetation and anthropogenic activities. Rapid urbanization and the UHI effect have made mid-sized industrial cities in Pakistan are more susceptible to thermal stress. However, little is known about how land use changes affect the spatial distribution of urban heat mitigation capacity over time, particularly in cities like Faisalabad. This study evaluates spatial and temporal changes in the heat mitigation capacity of Faisalabad City from 2017 to 2023 using the InVEST Urban Cooling Model (UCM), incorporating Sentinel-2 based Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classified using a random forest model in Google Earth Engine, Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Landsat 8, and UHI data to simulate Heat Mitigation Index (HMI). The research revealed an overall accuracy of 86% for LULC classification. Dramatic LULC changes were observed in these years. Vegetation decreased from 27.1Km<sup>2</sup> (14%) to 3.8 Km<sup>2</sup> (2%). Barren and agricultural areas also decreased from 36.8 Km<sup>2</sup> (19%) to 19.5 Km<sup>2</sup> (10%) and 14.5 Km<sup>2</sup> (7.5%) to 11.6 Km<sup>2</sup> (6%) respectively. However, the urban built-up dramatically increased from 114.2 Km<sup>2</sup> (59%) to 159.5 Km<sup>2</sup> (82%). This dramatic shift affected the LST and UHI of the city revealing an increase from 48.5&#xa0;°C to 50.8&#xa0;°C and 3.37&#xa0;°C to 4.39&#xa0;°C respectively. These changes also significantly decreased the heat mitigation capacity of the city from 2017 to 2023. If heat mitigation capacity reduction continues to decline at this rate it can increase the intensity of heatwaves causing more public health issues and sustainability of the city. If this condition persists, it may intensify heatwaves and worsen the public health risks. The results highlight Faisalabad’s pressing need for climate-responsive urban development, with a focus on green infrastructure and land-use strategies that protect natural cooling zones and improve long-term sustainability.</p>

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Evaluating the cooling potential of urban green spaces in Faisalabad integrating invest urban cooling model with multisource remote sensing data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月30日

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  • Hafiz Abdul Basit Zaid,
  • Usman Mahmood Mughal,
  • Muhammad Amin,
  • Meer Muhammad Sajjad,
  • Muhammad Farhan,
  • Amir Sattar,
  • Shujaat Ali,
  • Mujtaba Ali,
  • Qurat ul Ain

摘要

Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when the urban areas become significantly warmer than the surrounding rural areas due to the built-up infrastructures, reduced vegetation and anthropogenic activities. Rapid urbanization and the UHI effect have made mid-sized industrial cities in Pakistan are more susceptible to thermal stress. However, little is known about how land use changes affect the spatial distribution of urban heat mitigation capacity over time, particularly in cities like Faisalabad. This study evaluates spatial and temporal changes in the heat mitigation capacity of Faisalabad City from 2017 to 2023 using the InVEST Urban Cooling Model (UCM), incorporating Sentinel-2 based Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classified using a random forest model in Google Earth Engine, Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Landsat 8, and UHI data to simulate Heat Mitigation Index (HMI). The research revealed an overall accuracy of 86% for LULC classification. Dramatic LULC changes were observed in these years. Vegetation decreased from 27.1Km2 (14%) to 3.8 Km2 (2%). Barren and agricultural areas also decreased from 36.8 Km2 (19%) to 19.5 Km2 (10%) and 14.5 Km2 (7.5%) to 11.6 Km2 (6%) respectively. However, the urban built-up dramatically increased from 114.2 Km2 (59%) to 159.5 Km2 (82%). This dramatic shift affected the LST and UHI of the city revealing an increase from 48.5 °C to 50.8 °C and 3.37 °C to 4.39 °C respectively. These changes also significantly decreased the heat mitigation capacity of the city from 2017 to 2023. If heat mitigation capacity reduction continues to decline at this rate it can increase the intensity of heatwaves causing more public health issues and sustainability of the city. If this condition persists, it may intensify heatwaves and worsen the public health risks. The results highlight Faisalabad’s pressing need for climate-responsive urban development, with a focus on green infrastructure and land-use strategies that protect natural cooling zones and improve long-term sustainability.