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<p>Understanding of extreme convective echoes (ECEs) is essential for modeling them during active spells (ACT-Ss) and break spells (BRK-Ss) in space and time. Four types of ECEs are used namely; deep and wide convective cores (DCCs &amp; WCCs), deep-wide convective cores (DWCs), and broad stratiform regions (BSRs) using the three-dimensional reflectivity fields observed by precipitation radar (PR) on-board on TRMM and GPM. Deeper ECEs (DCCs and DWCs) show higher differences over the west coast/boundary of India, whereas wider ECEs (WCCs and BSRs) show higher differences between land and oceans during ACT and BRK-Ss respectively. Changes in the meteorological conditions e.g., wind circulation, relative humidity (RH), and transported moisture affect the precipitation characteristics of ECEs during ACT to BRK-Ss. ECEs have higher rain-rate with larger hydrometeors and deeper precipitation tops over Western Himalaya Foothills (WHFs) &amp; Bay of Bengal (BOB) during ACT-Ss, where intense precipitation is mostly observed over Western Ghats (WGs) and Eastern Ghats (EGs) during BRK-Ss. Small parental storms consists of deeper ECEs over WHFs compared to BOB, where only larger storms produce the DCCs and DWCs during ACT-Ss. Megha-Tropiques based RH data shows a higher RH with updraft at higher altitudes over WHFs and BOB during ACT-Ss, whereas WGs has a higher RH with updraft at higher altitudes during BRK-Ss.&#xa0;The towering of moisture above 600&#xa0;hPa and higher vertical velocity during the ACT-Ss with the wind indentation over the Himalayan belt is responsible for higher, deeper and intense ECEs over WHFs and Himalayan belts. During the BRK-Ss, the moisture is more stratified near 600&#xa0;hPa and restricts the&#xa0;growth of deeper ETHs. However, a large fraction of moisture is also observed near the WGs during the BRK-Ss, which could be the potential reason for ECEs during BRK-Ss over WGs. The ACT-Ss is characterized by the cyclonic circulation associated with strong large-scale convergence over monsoon trough whereas an anomalous anticyclonic circulation with strong divergence over the region during the BRK-Ss, and responsible for the ECEs characteristics.</p>

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Differences in the convective variability during active and break spells over South Asian region using 25 years of satellite observations and reanalysis data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月9日

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  • Shailendra Kumar

摘要

Understanding of extreme convective echoes (ECEs) is essential for modeling them during active spells (ACT-Ss) and break spells (BRK-Ss) in space and time. Four types of ECEs are used namely; deep and wide convective cores (DCCs & WCCs), deep-wide convective cores (DWCs), and broad stratiform regions (BSRs) using the three-dimensional reflectivity fields observed by precipitation radar (PR) on-board on TRMM and GPM. Deeper ECEs (DCCs and DWCs) show higher differences over the west coast/boundary of India, whereas wider ECEs (WCCs and BSRs) show higher differences between land and oceans during ACT and BRK-Ss respectively. Changes in the meteorological conditions e.g., wind circulation, relative humidity (RH), and transported moisture affect the precipitation characteristics of ECEs during ACT to BRK-Ss. ECEs have higher rain-rate with larger hydrometeors and deeper precipitation tops over Western Himalaya Foothills (WHFs) & Bay of Bengal (BOB) during ACT-Ss, where intense precipitation is mostly observed over Western Ghats (WGs) and Eastern Ghats (EGs) during BRK-Ss. Small parental storms consists of deeper ECEs over WHFs compared to BOB, where only larger storms produce the DCCs and DWCs during ACT-Ss. Megha-Tropiques based RH data shows a higher RH with updraft at higher altitudes over WHFs and BOB during ACT-Ss, whereas WGs has a higher RH with updraft at higher altitudes during BRK-Ss. The towering of moisture above 600 hPa and higher vertical velocity during the ACT-Ss with the wind indentation over the Himalayan belt is responsible for higher, deeper and intense ECEs over WHFs and Himalayan belts. During the BRK-Ss, the moisture is more stratified near 600 hPa and restricts the growth of deeper ETHs. However, a large fraction of moisture is also observed near the WGs during the BRK-Ss, which could be the potential reason for ECEs during BRK-Ss over WGs. The ACT-Ss is characterized by the cyclonic circulation associated with strong large-scale convergence over monsoon trough whereas an anomalous anticyclonic circulation with strong divergence over the region during the BRK-Ss, and responsible for the ECEs characteristics.