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<p>Quantification of evapotranspiration is necessary for assessing the impact of climate change on water and energy budget. In the present study, water budget derived actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>a</sub>) obtained from ERA5-Land data is validated over North-East India (NEI) using observational data and water balance method. The variation of ET<sub>a</sub> and its components: transpiration (E<sub>t</sub>), bare soil evaporation (E<sub>b</sub>), top of canopy (E<sub>c</sub>) and open water evaporation (E<sub>o</sub>) in a changing climate are also investigated for the period of 1971–2021. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test reveals a decreasing trend of -0.37&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup> in ET<sub>a</sub> due to the downward trend in E<sub>t</sub> (-0.005&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup>), E<sub>b</sub> (-0.006&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup>), E<sub>c</sub> (-0.377&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup>). Seasonally, the highest ET<sub>a</sub> occurs during monsoon, while the lowest occurs during winter. High ET<sub>a</sub> values exceeding 1000&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup> are observed in the states of Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Nagaland whereas, Arunachal Pradesh although with the densest forest cover exhibited the lowest ET<sub>a</sub> owing to its latitudinal position. Pearson correlation and random forest feature importance analysis are used to evaluate the relative importance of meteorological driving forces of ET<sub>a</sub>, and solar radiation is found to be the most dominant variable influencing all the components of ET<sub>a</sub>. It has been observed that a significant decreasing trend of annual water availability (WA) -7.65&#xa0;mm&#xa0;yr<sup>−1</sup> is due to the decreasing trend of precipitation, ET<sub>a</sub> and increasing open water evaporation. Meanwhile, the significant change of WA in dry season is observed notably with 95% significant level.</p>

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Unveiling evapotranspiration dynamics in a changing climate and impact on water resources over North-East India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月4日

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  • Anindita Borah,
  • Binita Pathak,
  • Ankita Medhi,
  • Rohit Gautam,
  • Niki Gogoi,
  • Krishnanka Jyoti Baishya,
  • Pradip Kumar Bhuyan

摘要

Quantification of evapotranspiration is necessary for assessing the impact of climate change on water and energy budget. In the present study, water budget derived actual evapotranspiration (ETa) obtained from ERA5-Land data is validated over North-East India (NEI) using observational data and water balance method. The variation of ETa and its components: transpiration (Et), bare soil evaporation (Eb), top of canopy (Ec) and open water evaporation (Eo) in a changing climate are also investigated for the period of 1971–2021. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test reveals a decreasing trend of -0.37 mm yr−1 in ETa due to the downward trend in Et (-0.005 mm yr−1), Eb (-0.006 mm yr−1), Ec (-0.377 mm yr−1). Seasonally, the highest ETa occurs during monsoon, while the lowest occurs during winter. High ETa values exceeding 1000 mm yr−1 are observed in the states of Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Nagaland whereas, Arunachal Pradesh although with the densest forest cover exhibited the lowest ETa owing to its latitudinal position. Pearson correlation and random forest feature importance analysis are used to evaluate the relative importance of meteorological driving forces of ETa, and solar radiation is found to be the most dominant variable influencing all the components of ETa. It has been observed that a significant decreasing trend of annual water availability (WA) -7.65 mm yr−1 is due to the decreasing trend of precipitation, ETa and increasing open water evaporation. Meanwhile, the significant change of WA in dry season is observed notably with 95% significant level.