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<p>With the gradual increase in global temperatures, mitigating the negative impacts of the urban heat island effect has become increasingly important. Water features are distinctive elements of many urban parks. This study explored the effects of the layout of water features and vegetations on thermal comfort. The orthogonal&#xa0;experimental&#xa0;method was used to facilitate the study of a large number of factors. ENVI-met were used to simulate the 34 models based on 9 factors. The results show that increasing the water body area ratio is beneficial for improving thermal comfort. The optimal water landscape shape index (WLSI) varies from 1.4 to 1.8 at different times of the day. The 'W'-shaped water body maintains better thermal comfort over longer durations compared to the more compact 'A'-shaped and 'O'-shaped designs. Placing the water body in the upwind position relative to the dominant wind direction significantly enhances thermal comfort. The use of trees to fully enclose the water body can provide some benefits for thermal comfort. Shrubs can play an active role in improving waterfront thermal comfort. Elliptical tree crowns play a more positive role in microclimate improvements than umbrella-shaped and hemispherical crowns. Maintaining a certain distance between vegetation and water bodies is beneficial for making full use of their cooling effects.</p>

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Urban Park Waterfront Microclimate Optimization Using the Orthogonal Experimental Method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月23日

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  • Junyou Liu,
  • Haifang Tang,
  • Bohong Zheng,
  • Rui Guo

摘要

With the gradual increase in global temperatures, mitigating the negative impacts of the urban heat island effect has become increasingly important. Water features are distinctive elements of many urban parks. This study explored the effects of the layout of water features and vegetations on thermal comfort. The orthogonal experimental method was used to facilitate the study of a large number of factors. ENVI-met were used to simulate the 34 models based on 9 factors. The results show that increasing the water body area ratio is beneficial for improving thermal comfort. The optimal water landscape shape index (WLSI) varies from 1.4 to 1.8 at different times of the day. The 'W'-shaped water body maintains better thermal comfort over longer durations compared to the more compact 'A'-shaped and 'O'-shaped designs. Placing the water body in the upwind position relative to the dominant wind direction significantly enhances thermal comfort. The use of trees to fully enclose the water body can provide some benefits for thermal comfort. Shrubs can play an active role in improving waterfront thermal comfort. Elliptical tree crowns play a more positive role in microclimate improvements than umbrella-shaped and hemispherical crowns. Maintaining a certain distance between vegetation and water bodies is beneficial for making full use of their cooling effects.