<p>Drought significantly affects water availability and agricultural productivity in the Nile River Basin, but its assessment has been limited. This study was conducted to evaluate Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration drought index (SPEI) and soil moisture from 2000 to 2022 using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Version 2.9 SPEI database was used evaluate drought index on 1-, 3-, and 6-month time scales whereas soil moisture active passive dataset was used to estimate soil moisture. SPEI-1 revealed extreme droughts in January 2003 (-1.376), September 2004 (-1.547), February 2005 (-1.534), and September 2009 (-1.627), with prolonged droughts between 2002–2010. SPEI-3 values confirmed persistent water stress in 2001–2002, peaking at -1.293 in September 2002, and reaching -1.724 in March 2013. Severe conditions also appeared in June 2009 (-1.629) and May 2004 (-1.495). SPEI-6 highlighted multi-month droughts events, notably in 2002 (September: -1.368; November: -1.285), 2004 (August: -1.527), and 2009 (June: -1.761). Positive SPEI 6 values in 2007, 2014, 2018, and 2022 indicated wetter periods. Soil moisture was show decreasing trends with an increase of drought index. Significant increasing trends was observed for SPEI 1 and 3 in February and October (Z = 2.10–2.50) and significant trends were not found for SPEI 6. The mean values of R² and NSE for GEE in predicting the SPEI index were both 0.92, while the RMSE was 0.11 that demonstrating better performance of GEE for drought monitoring.</p>