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<p>Typhoon-induced heavy rainfall frequently causes severe hydrological impacts in eastern China, yet its microphysical variability and implications for radar-based precipitation estimation remain insufficiently constrained. In this study, raindrop size distribution (DSD) observations from a Parsivel disdrometer were used to investigate three typhoon rainfall events (Mangkhut 2018, In-fa 2021, and Muifa 2022) over Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta. The analysis focuses on physically interpretable parameters, including total drop concentration (N<sub>T</sub>) and mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), to examine event-to-event variability and associated microphysical processes. The results reveal pronounced differences in DSD characteristics among the three events. Mangkhut is characterized by larger Dm and relatively lower N<sub>T</sub>, indicating dominant drop growth processes, whereas In-fa and Muifa exhibit higher N<sub>T</sub> and smaller Dm, consistent with precipitation dominated by numerous small drops. These differences suggest that rainfall intensity is jointly controlled by drop growth and drop concentration, reflecting distinct microphysical regimes under varying dynamical conditions. In particular, the Mangkhut event shows transitional features toward continental-like precipitation, likely associated with enhanced convection induced by cold-air intrusion. The derived radar reflectivity–rainfall rate (Z–R) relationships show significant variability among the events, with coefficients systematically lower than the standard Marshall–Palmer relation. This indicates that the use of a single empirical Z–R relationship may lead to biased rainfall estimation during typhoon events. The results highlight the importance of event-specific or regionally calibrated Z–R relationships for improving quantitative precipitation estimation. Overall, this study provides observational evidence for the variability of typhoon precipitation microphysics over land and demonstrates its impact on radar rainfall estimation, offering practical insights for improving QPE in typhoon-affected regions.</p>

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The characteristics and differences of raindrop size distribution in three typhoon rainstorm events in Suzhou, Jiangsu

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Wei Sun,
  • Jialu Sun,
  • Te Li,
  • Xiaoran Zhuang

摘要

Typhoon-induced heavy rainfall frequently causes severe hydrological impacts in eastern China, yet its microphysical variability and implications for radar-based precipitation estimation remain insufficiently constrained. In this study, raindrop size distribution (DSD) observations from a Parsivel disdrometer were used to investigate three typhoon rainfall events (Mangkhut 2018, In-fa 2021, and Muifa 2022) over Suzhou in the Yangtze River Delta. The analysis focuses on physically interpretable parameters, including total drop concentration (NT) and mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), to examine event-to-event variability and associated microphysical processes. The results reveal pronounced differences in DSD characteristics among the three events. Mangkhut is characterized by larger Dm and relatively lower NT, indicating dominant drop growth processes, whereas In-fa and Muifa exhibit higher NT and smaller Dm, consistent with precipitation dominated by numerous small drops. These differences suggest that rainfall intensity is jointly controlled by drop growth and drop concentration, reflecting distinct microphysical regimes under varying dynamical conditions. In particular, the Mangkhut event shows transitional features toward continental-like precipitation, likely associated with enhanced convection induced by cold-air intrusion. The derived radar reflectivity–rainfall rate (Z–R) relationships show significant variability among the events, with coefficients systematically lower than the standard Marshall–Palmer relation. This indicates that the use of a single empirical Z–R relationship may lead to biased rainfall estimation during typhoon events. The results highlight the importance of event-specific or regionally calibrated Z–R relationships for improving quantitative precipitation estimation. Overall, this study provides observational evidence for the variability of typhoon precipitation microphysics over land and demonstrates its impact on radar rainfall estimation, offering practical insights for improving QPE in typhoon-affected regions.