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<p>This study investigated the hydrometeor distribution to understand the underlying microphysical processes responsible for severe pre-monsoon thunderstorms and associated lightning activities over Bangladesh during 12–13 May 2016, catastrophic events that claimed 81 lives within just 48&#xa0;h. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, configured at 3&#xa0;km resolution with WSM6-class microphysics and PR92 lightning parameterization, was employed to examine hydrometeor characteristics against lightning observations from the Vaisala Global Lightning Detection (GLD360) network. The simulated storm structures and their associated environments were successfully validated with observed soundings, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall, and Himawari-8 imagery. Strong low-level moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal played a crucial role in initiating and sustaining deep convection on both days. The spatial and vertical distributions of hydrometeors showed abundant particles in regions corresponding to observed lightning peaks. A high concentration of graupel coexisting with abundant ice particles, snow particles, and cloud water, within the mixed-phase region, provided optimal conditions for efficient non-inductive charge separation and intense lightning. The evolution of individual and combined hydrometeor mixing ratios closely mirrored the observed lightning trends, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.67 on 12 May and from 0.61 to 0.83 on 13 May, suggesting a critical role for these hydrometeors. Temporal comparisons between simulated and observed lightning data showed strong agreement, with correlation coefficients of 0.72 for 12 May and 0.75 for 13 May 2016. This study showed a strong association between lightning activity and the vertical distribution of mixed-phase hydrometeors, emphasizing the critical role of graupel–ice interactions in storm electrification over Bangladesh.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Relationship between observed lightning and simulated hydrometeors over Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • A. T. M. S. Azam,
  • M. Rafiuddin,
  • Nasreen Akter,
  • Ashraf Dewan

摘要

This study investigated the hydrometeor distribution to understand the underlying microphysical processes responsible for severe pre-monsoon thunderstorms and associated lightning activities over Bangladesh during 12–13 May 2016, catastrophic events that claimed 81 lives within just 48 h. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, configured at 3 km resolution with WSM6-class microphysics and PR92 lightning parameterization, was employed to examine hydrometeor characteristics against lightning observations from the Vaisala Global Lightning Detection (GLD360) network. The simulated storm structures and their associated environments were successfully validated with observed soundings, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 rainfall, and Himawari-8 imagery. Strong low-level moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal played a crucial role in initiating and sustaining deep convection on both days. The spatial and vertical distributions of hydrometeors showed abundant particles in regions corresponding to observed lightning peaks. A high concentration of graupel coexisting with abundant ice particles, snow particles, and cloud water, within the mixed-phase region, provided optimal conditions for efficient non-inductive charge separation and intense lightning. The evolution of individual and combined hydrometeor mixing ratios closely mirrored the observed lightning trends, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.67 on 12 May and from 0.61 to 0.83 on 13 May, suggesting a critical role for these hydrometeors. Temporal comparisons between simulated and observed lightning data showed strong agreement, with correlation coefficients of 0.72 for 12 May and 0.75 for 13 May 2016. This study showed a strong association between lightning activity and the vertical distribution of mixed-phase hydrometeors, emphasizing the critical role of graupel–ice interactions in storm electrification over Bangladesh.

Graphical abstract