Climatic characteristics of the snowfall associated with the Tibetan Plateau vortices
摘要
Tibetan Plateau (TP) experiences frequent snowfall, greatly affecting the regional water cycle and energy balance. Tibetan Plateau vortices (TPVs) are the primary meso-α weather systems producing rainfall over the TP; however, the climatic characteristics of TPV snowfall remain unknown, restricting understanding of TP snowfall changes. This work explores the climatic characteristics of TPV-associated snowfall during 1979–2023. TPV snowfall amount (SATPV) determines the annual total snowfall amount in western and central TP, reaching the maximum in May. TPVs play a more significant role in more intense snowfall, and over half of the heavy (severe) snowfall is attributed to TPVs in most TP areas, with the maximum ratio of TPV snowfall to total snowfall (RTPV) exceeding 70% (90%) near 90°E in northern TP. The annual cycle in RTPV corresponds well to that in TPV genesis frequency, with the greatest RTPV in summer, followed by spring, and smallest in winter. For TPVs located over the TP, snowfall is distributed quasi-symmetrically relative to the center of TPVs; the most intense snowfall and largest large-scale precipitation efficiency (LSPE) occur at the TPV center in each season; TPV snowfall is the most intense (weakest) in spring (winter), and the largest LSPE occurs in summer. For TPVs moving off the TP, intensity and LSPE of TPV snowfall are smaller than those for TPVs over the TP; more intense snowfall mainly occurs east of TPVs, with the maximum LSPE shifts slightly southward from the TPV center; TPV snowfall is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring, and the weakest in summer.