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<p>Fog is a recurrent and disruptive weather phenomenon over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), particularly during the winter months, where it severely impacts aviation services, transportation, agriculture, and public safety. The formation and persistence of fog in this region result from a complex interaction between large-scale synoptic systems—especially Western Disturbances (WDs)—and local atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, near-surface wind dynamics, and regional orography. This study investigates the onset and formation mechanisms of fog using high-resolution hourly Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR) observations from Jay Prakash Narayan International (JPNI) Airport in Patna, a representative site located in the core of the IGP. Covering the period from April 2014 to October 2024, the analysis focuses on pre-fog atmospheric conditions, particularly wind regimes and thermodynamic profiles, to understand how different types of fog evolve and dissipate. A modified classification algorithm was developed to categorize fog events into six major types: radiation (RAD), radiation-advection (RAD-ADV), advection (ADV), precipitation (PCP), cloud-base lowering (CBL), and evaporation (EVP) fog. Of the 741 recorded fog events, radiation fog was the most common (60.46%), followed by radiation-advection fog (29.41%). The classification model achieved a high overall accuracy of 98.8%. The research introduces an innovative pre-fog diagnostic framework that markedly improves the capacity to forecast and distinguish fog types in their initial development phases. This advancement provides a crucial tool for operational forecasting, allowing for more precise and timely fog advisories across the IGP, thereby improving preparedness and risk mitigation in fog-sensitive sectors.</p>

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Visibility challenges: characterizing fog events in the Indo-Gangetic plain for enhanced aviation operations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Anand Shankar,
  • Bikash Chandra Sahana,
  • Ashish Kumar

摘要

Fog is a recurrent and disruptive weather phenomenon over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), particularly during the winter months, where it severely impacts aviation services, transportation, agriculture, and public safety. The formation and persistence of fog in this region result from a complex interaction between large-scale synoptic systems—especially Western Disturbances (WDs)—and local atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, near-surface wind dynamics, and regional orography. This study investigates the onset and formation mechanisms of fog using high-resolution hourly Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR) observations from Jay Prakash Narayan International (JPNI) Airport in Patna, a representative site located in the core of the IGP. Covering the period from April 2014 to October 2024, the analysis focuses on pre-fog atmospheric conditions, particularly wind regimes and thermodynamic profiles, to understand how different types of fog evolve and dissipate. A modified classification algorithm was developed to categorize fog events into six major types: radiation (RAD), radiation-advection (RAD-ADV), advection (ADV), precipitation (PCP), cloud-base lowering (CBL), and evaporation (EVP) fog. Of the 741 recorded fog events, radiation fog was the most common (60.46%), followed by radiation-advection fog (29.41%). The classification model achieved a high overall accuracy of 98.8%. The research introduces an innovative pre-fog diagnostic framework that markedly improves the capacity to forecast and distinguish fog types in their initial development phases. This advancement provides a crucial tool for operational forecasting, allowing for more precise and timely fog advisories across the IGP, thereby improving preparedness and risk mitigation in fog-sensitive sectors.