<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="116" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g(x, y) \in \mathbb {Z}[x, y]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We say that (<i>x</i>,&#xa0;<i>y</i>) is a <i>rational solution</i> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g(x, y) = 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="104" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((x, y) \in \mathbb {Q} \times \mathbb {Q}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A pair <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="77" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( (x, y) \in \mathbb {R}^2 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is called a <i>non-trivial solution</i> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( g \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>g</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( g(x, y) = 0 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and at least one of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( x \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>x</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( y \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>y</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is irrational, i.e., <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( x \notin \mathbb {Q} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( y \notin \mathbb {Q} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∉</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, we investigate rational and non-trivial solutions to certain classical algebraic equations within Cantor sets. Under specific conditions, we prove that many classical algebraic equations have only trivial rational solutions in fractal sets. By combining a variant of the thickness theorem, we establish the existence of non-trivial solutions to these equations. For example, we demonstrate that there exist at least 10,000,000 distinct pairs <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((x_i, y_i)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from the Cartesian product of the middle-third Cantor set such that <Equation ID="Equ7"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_Equ7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="88" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} x_i^2 + y_i^2 = 1, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>y</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="605_2025_2114_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x_i \notin \mathbb {Q}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>∉</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Our main approach relies on techniques from <i>q</i>-expansions.</p>

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Rational and non-trivial solutions to some algebraic equations in the Cantor sets

  • Caimin Du,
  • Kan Jiang,
  • Yiqi Yao

摘要

Let \(g(x, y) \in \mathbb {Z}[x, y]\) g ( x , y ) Z [ x , y ] . We say that (xy) is a rational solution to \(g(x, y) = 0\) g ( x , y ) = 0 if \((x, y) \in \mathbb {Q} \times \mathbb {Q}\) ( x , y ) Q × Q . A pair \( (x, y) \in \mathbb {R}^2 \) ( x , y ) R 2 is called a non-trivial solution of \( g \) g if \( g(x, y) = 0 \) g ( x , y ) = 0 and at least one of \( x \) x or \( y \) y is irrational, i.e., \( x \notin \mathbb {Q} \) x Q or \( y \notin \mathbb {Q} \) y Q . In this paper, we investigate rational and non-trivial solutions to certain classical algebraic equations within Cantor sets. Under specific conditions, we prove that many classical algebraic equations have only trivial rational solutions in fractal sets. By combining a variant of the thickness theorem, we establish the existence of non-trivial solutions to these equations. For example, we demonstrate that there exist at least 10,000,000 distinct pairs \((x_i, y_i)\) ( x i , y i ) from the Cartesian product of the middle-third Cantor set such that \(\begin{aligned} x_i^2 + y_i^2 = 1, \end{aligned}\) x i 2 + y i 2 = 1 , where \(x_i \notin \mathbb {Q}\) x i Q . Our main approach relies on techniques from q-expansions.