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<p>A flexible sensor has been developed comprising a bismuth film and a gold nanoparticle-decorated laser-induced graphene electrode (Bi/AuNP/LIGE) for the concurrent detection of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The sensor was thoroughly characterized, and the key experimental parameters, including buffer composition, deposition potential, accumulation time, and pH, were systematically optimized. The optimal performance was achieved in borate buffer (pH 7.5) with a deposition potential of -1.1&#xa0;V and an accumulation time of 150&#xa0;s. Under these conditions, the detection limits are 0.072 µM for Zn²⁺ and 0.031 µM for Cd²⁺, with quantification limits of 0.24 µM and 0.103 µM, respectively. The sensor demonstrates good reproducibility and accuracy when tested on seawater and soil samples. These findings show that the Bi/AuNP/LIGE platform offers enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, paving the way for advanced sensors in portable, on-site monitoring systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Hybrid Bi/AuNP-enabled laser-induced graphene sensor for flexible and simultaneous detection of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in seawater and soil samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月6日

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  • Neha,
  • Mansoor Ahmad,
  • Brij Mohan,
  • Wang Baoli,
  • Wei Sun

摘要

A flexible sensor has been developed comprising a bismuth film and a gold nanoparticle-decorated laser-induced graphene electrode (Bi/AuNP/LIGE) for the concurrent detection of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The sensor was thoroughly characterized, and the key experimental parameters, including buffer composition, deposition potential, accumulation time, and pH, were systematically optimized. The optimal performance was achieved in borate buffer (pH 7.5) with a deposition potential of -1.1 V and an accumulation time of 150 s. Under these conditions, the detection limits are 0.072 µM for Zn²⁺ and 0.031 µM for Cd²⁺, with quantification limits of 0.24 µM and 0.103 µM, respectively. The sensor demonstrates good reproducibility and accuracy when tested on seawater and soil samples. These findings show that the Bi/AuNP/LIGE platform offers enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, paving the way for advanced sensors in portable, on-site monitoring systems.

Graphical abstract