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<p> To enable rapid, on-site monitoring of amoxicillin and ensure controlled administration, we have developed a paper-based analytical device (PAD) incorporating a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets. The MIP@g-C₃N₄ composite was synthesized via in situ polymerization of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) around amoxicillin templates on g-C₃N₄, yielding highly specific binding cavities upon template removal. The g-C₃N₄ nanozyme’s intrinsic peroxidase-like activity catalyzes the oxidation of colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to its blue oxidized form (oxTMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In the absence of amoxicillin, a vivid blue signal develops, whereas competitive binding of amoxicillin at the MIP sites inhibits nanozyme activity, causing a proportional decrease in color intensity. Analytical characterization demonstrated a linear response over 0–100 µM amoxicillin, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.97 µM. The integration with the PAD format permits semi-quantitative visual readout and quantitative determination via a portable smartphone, all within minutes and without the need for complex instrumentation. When applied to spiked milk and tap water, the MIP@g-C₃N₄ sensor achieved recoveries of 92–105% with negligible interference from structurally related antibiotics. The marriage of MIP selectivity, g-C₃N₄ nanozyme catalysis, and low-cost PAD architecture delivers a user-friendly, field-deployable platform for rapid amoxicillin screening, promising significant potential to bolster antibiotic stewardship and mitigate overdose-related health risks across clinical, environmental, and food-safety applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Molecularly imprinted polymer modified g-C3N4 integrated into paper-based devices for colorimetric detection of amoxicillin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Phan Quang Huy Quang,
  • Huynh Anh Khoa,
  • Hoang Cao Nguyen,
  • Nguyen Tran Nhat Trung,
  • Dang Thanh Cong Minh,
  • Tran Nguyen Cam Nhung,
  • Tran Dang Khoa,
  • Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
  • Huynh Ky Phuong Ha,
  • Nguyen Huu Hieu

摘要

To enable rapid, on-site monitoring of amoxicillin and ensure controlled administration, we have developed a paper-based analytical device (PAD) incorporating a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets. The MIP@g-C₃N₄ composite was synthesized via in situ polymerization of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) around amoxicillin templates on g-C₃N₄, yielding highly specific binding cavities upon template removal. The g-C₃N₄ nanozyme’s intrinsic peroxidase-like activity catalyzes the oxidation of colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to its blue oxidized form (oxTMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In the absence of amoxicillin, a vivid blue signal develops, whereas competitive binding of amoxicillin at the MIP sites inhibits nanozyme activity, causing a proportional decrease in color intensity. Analytical characterization demonstrated a linear response over 0–100 µM amoxicillin, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.97 µM. The integration with the PAD format permits semi-quantitative visual readout and quantitative determination via a portable smartphone, all within minutes and without the need for complex instrumentation. When applied to spiked milk and tap water, the MIP@g-C₃N₄ sensor achieved recoveries of 92–105% with negligible interference from structurally related antibiotics. The marriage of MIP selectivity, g-C₃N₄ nanozyme catalysis, and low-cost PAD architecture delivers a user-friendly, field-deployable platform for rapid amoxicillin screening, promising significant potential to bolster antibiotic stewardship and mitigate overdose-related health risks across clinical, environmental, and food-safety applications.

Graphical Abstract