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<p>Long-wavelength ratiometric fluorescent carbon dots for the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cobalt ion (Co<sup>2+</sup>) are reported. The carbon dots (D-CDs), which exhibit outstanding dual emission at 445&#xa0;nm and 662&#xa0;nm, are synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method using methylene blue as the sole precursor. The particle size of as-prepared D-CDs is approximately 2.28&#xa0;nm. Interestingly, due to the aggregation between D-CDs and CIP through hydrogen bonding, efficient charge transfer is achieved in the aggregated state, which collectively induces an enhancement of blue fluorescence while the emission at 662&#xa0;nm remains unchanged. This yields a ratiometric fluorescence response (F<sub>445nm</sub>/F<sub>662nm</sub>) across a concentration range 0.048 to 3.58 nM with a detection limit of 16.7 pM. Additionally, fluorescence of the D-CDs/CIP system can be effectively restored in a ratiometric manner due to the specific reaction between Co<sup>2+</sup> and CIP, enabling the ratiometric quantitative assay of Co<sup>2+</sup> with a detection limit of 14.7 nM. Notably, a smartphone-integrated colorimetric test strip enables on-site monitoring of CIP and Co<sup>2+</sup>, expanding environmental applications, which has been demonstrated by effective detection of CIP in milk and river water. Furthermore, a logic gate sensor is developed by harnessing this activated cascade effect to function as an intelligent probe for monitoring trace levels of CIP and Co<sup>2+</sup>. The D-CDs are successfully applied in cellular imaging, demonstrating their potential in sensing, bioimaging, and environmental analysis.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Two birds, one stone: long-wavelength carbon dots enable ratiometric detection of ciprofloxacin and Co2+ for smartphone, logic gate, and imaging applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Yanan Yan,
  • Hongping Zhang,
  • Youhong Tang,
  • Shengmei Song,
  • Shaomin Shuang,
  • Chuan Dong

摘要

Long-wavelength ratiometric fluorescent carbon dots for the detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cobalt ion (Co2+) are reported. The carbon dots (D-CDs), which exhibit outstanding dual emission at 445 nm and 662 nm, are synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method using methylene blue as the sole precursor. The particle size of as-prepared D-CDs is approximately 2.28 nm. Interestingly, due to the aggregation between D-CDs and CIP through hydrogen bonding, efficient charge transfer is achieved in the aggregated state, which collectively induces an enhancement of blue fluorescence while the emission at 662 nm remains unchanged. This yields a ratiometric fluorescence response (F445nm/F662nm) across a concentration range 0.048 to 3.58 nM with a detection limit of 16.7 pM. Additionally, fluorescence of the D-CDs/CIP system can be effectively restored in a ratiometric manner due to the specific reaction between Co2+ and CIP, enabling the ratiometric quantitative assay of Co2+ with a detection limit of 14.7 nM. Notably, a smartphone-integrated colorimetric test strip enables on-site monitoring of CIP and Co2+, expanding environmental applications, which has been demonstrated by effective detection of CIP in milk and river water. Furthermore, a logic gate sensor is developed by harnessing this activated cascade effect to function as an intelligent probe for monitoring trace levels of CIP and Co2+. The D-CDs are successfully applied in cellular imaging, demonstrating their potential in sensing, bioimaging, and environmental analysis.

Graphical abstract