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<p>Salbutamol (Salb) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist prescribed as a bronchodilator for respiratory diseases and a doping drug requiring accurate and highly sensitive monitoring in biological fluids. In the present study, an electrolytic gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-based electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of Salb using Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>F<sub><i>x</i></sub> as the sensitive layer and CuAl layered double hydroxide (CuAl LDH) as the gate sensing layer. This sensor is designed to miniaturize the label-free and real-time sensing with high sensitivity by utilizing the catalytic ability of CuAl LDH and the change in concentration in the surface charge flux with high conductivity and excellent charge transfer of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>F<sub><i>x</i></sub>. The proposed sensor can&#xa0;detect Salb in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and urine with detection limits of 7.228 nM and 8.214 nM, respectively. The sensor also showed exceptional sensitivity in PBS (0.693 μA/nM) and urine (0.884 μA/nM), distinguishing it from previous methods. The sensor demonstrated a recovery range of 85.78% to 103.32% over 14 days with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.7%. Comprehensive assessment of stability, repeatability, interference, and performance across different pH levels validated its suitability for real-time, label-free detection of Salb in biological fluids.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Ti3C2Fx/CuAl-LDH-based electrolyte-gated FET sensor for highly sensitive and label-free detection of salbutamol in biological fluids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月25日

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  • Masoomeh Shaghaghi,
  • Seyed Saman Nemati

摘要

Salbutamol (Salb) is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist prescribed as a bronchodilator for respiratory diseases and a doping drug requiring accurate and highly sensitive monitoring in biological fluids. In the present study, an electrolytic gate field-effect transistor (EGFET)-based electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of Salb using Ti3C2Fx as the sensitive layer and CuAl layered double hydroxide (CuAl LDH) as the gate sensing layer. This sensor is designed to miniaturize the label-free and real-time sensing with high sensitivity by utilizing the catalytic ability of CuAl LDH and the change in concentration in the surface charge flux with high conductivity and excellent charge transfer of Ti3C2Fx. The proposed sensor can detect Salb in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and urine with detection limits of 7.228 nM and 8.214 nM, respectively. The sensor also showed exceptional sensitivity in PBS (0.693 μA/nM) and urine (0.884 μA/nM), distinguishing it from previous methods. The sensor demonstrated a recovery range of 85.78% to 103.32% over 14 days with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.7%. Comprehensive assessment of stability, repeatability, interference, and performance across different pH levels validated its suitability for real-time, label-free detection of Salb in biological fluids.

Graphical abstract