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<p>This article focuses on developing an advanced electrochemical sensor to detect organophosphate (OP) insecticides, specifically methyl paraoxon (MPOX), an active oxo metabolite of methyl parathion. The electrochemical sensor described is modified using green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles encapsulated in sulfur-doped graphene carbon nitride (S-GC3N4) and combined with halloysite nanotubes (HNT). The synthesized composite was thoroughly characterized using a variety of techniques, including ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electroanalytical characterization of the state-of-the-art ZnO/S-GC3N4@HNT composite was performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The results demonstrated the sensor's excellent selectivity of 123 μA/μM/cm<sup>2</sup>, a low detection limit of 0.05&#xa0;μM, a wide concentration range of 0.1&#xa0;μM to 850&#xa0;μM, and a low limit of quantification of 0.16&#xa0;μM. The developed sensor exhibited excellent performance in interference studies and showed remarkable reproducibility and repeatability. Its applicability was further validated through real sample&#xa0;analysis. The obtained recoveries were in the range 97–110%, indicating that the modified sensor shows satisfactory results for determining methyl paraoxon (MPOX) levels in real samples.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Zinc oxide-encapsulated sulfur-doped graphene carbon nitride on halloysite nanotubes: a superior electrochemical sensor for detecting methyl paraoxon in food sample

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Suparna Kallakkattil,
  • Yarradoddappa Venkataramanappa

摘要

This article focuses on developing an advanced electrochemical sensor to detect organophosphate (OP) insecticides, specifically methyl paraoxon (MPOX), an active oxo metabolite of methyl parathion. The electrochemical sensor described is modified using green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles encapsulated in sulfur-doped graphene carbon nitride (S-GC3N4) and combined with halloysite nanotubes (HNT). The synthesized composite was thoroughly characterized using a variety of techniques, including ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electroanalytical characterization of the state-of-the-art ZnO/S-GC3N4@HNT composite was performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The results demonstrated the sensor's excellent selectivity of 123 μA/μM/cm2, a low detection limit of 0.05 μM, a wide concentration range of 0.1 μM to 850 μM, and a low limit of quantification of 0.16 μM. The developed sensor exhibited excellent performance in interference studies and showed remarkable reproducibility and repeatability. Its applicability was further validated through real sample analysis. The obtained recoveries were in the range 97–110%, indicating that the modified sensor shows satisfactory results for determining methyl paraoxon (MPOX) levels in real samples.

Graphical Abstract