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<p>The illicit use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in drug-facilitated crimes underscores the urgent need for rapid and reliable detection technologies. This study introduces two innovative silica-based nanosensors that offer real-time, on-site detection of GHB in spiked beverages at concentrations typical of chemical submission cases. Both chemosensors are based on silica nanoparticles functionalized with 2-aminonaphtoxazole derivatives. The first nanosensor, modified with a <i>p</i>-nitroaniline chromogenic unit, enables a visible color change for immediate visual identification, while the second incorporates a fluorescein derivative for high-sensitivity detection via fluorescence. Both nanosystems demonstrate exceptional specificity to GHB, with minimal interference from other substances. Moreover, the solid-phase integration of these nanosensors onto hydrophobic cellulose-based substrates enhances their portability and user-friendliness, making them suitable for nightlife venues and forensic applications. Finally, chromogenic precursor <b>1</b> has proven to be an excellent chemosensor for the visual detection of GHB in oral fluid, with a calculated LOD of 19.2 μM, and a linear response in the 32–132 μM range.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Silica-based optical chemosensors for rapid and reliable on-site detection of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in beverages and oral fluids

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月2日

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  • Jordi Hernández-Contreras,
  • Jordi Roig-Rubio,
  • Margarita Parra,
  • Salvador Gil,
  • Pau Arroyo,
  • José A. Sáez,
  • Carlos Lodeiro,
  • Pablo Gaviña

摘要

The illicit use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in drug-facilitated crimes underscores the urgent need for rapid and reliable detection technologies. This study introduces two innovative silica-based nanosensors that offer real-time, on-site detection of GHB in spiked beverages at concentrations typical of chemical submission cases. Both chemosensors are based on silica nanoparticles functionalized with 2-aminonaphtoxazole derivatives. The first nanosensor, modified with a p-nitroaniline chromogenic unit, enables a visible color change for immediate visual identification, while the second incorporates a fluorescein derivative for high-sensitivity detection via fluorescence. Both nanosystems demonstrate exceptional specificity to GHB, with minimal interference from other substances. Moreover, the solid-phase integration of these nanosensors onto hydrophobic cellulose-based substrates enhances their portability and user-friendliness, making them suitable for nightlife venues and forensic applications. Finally, chromogenic precursor 1 has proven to be an excellent chemosensor for the visual detection of GHB in oral fluid, with a calculated LOD of 19.2 μM, and a linear response in the 32–132 μM range.

Graphical abstract