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<p>In this study, cyclic air injection–withdrawal model tests were conducted using a large-scale physical model system to investigate the long-term deformation characteristics of the rock mass. Based on the experimental observations, a spatiotemporal evolution equation of deformation was established, and an equivalent deformation modulus approach was proposed to characterize the long-term deformation effect. By embedding this evolution law into a multi-field coupled framework, a numerical solution method considering long-term deformation of rock mass was developed. The results indicate that the rock mass exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal evolution characteristics under cyclic internal pressure. Temporally, deformation shows an exponential-type growth with asymptotic stabilization, accompanied by significant accumulation of residual deformation. Spatially, the influence of cyclic pressure attenuates rapidly with radial distance and becomes negligible beyond approximately three times the cavern radius. The proposed model effectively captures the evolution of structural mechanical responses, including cavern displacement and stresses in the steel liner and reinforcement. Thermodynamic effects lead to variations of approximately 13%–15% in structural response, while long-term deformation contributes an additional effect of about 3.6%. Unlike conventional approaches based on laboratory-scale rock tests, this study establishes a spatiotemporal deformation evolution framework directly from cyclic air injection–withdrawal model tests that realistically reproduce CAES cavern operating conditions. The proposed equivalent deformation modulus approach enables incorporation of long-term deformation effects into engineering-scale multi-field analyses, providing a new methodology for long-term stability assessment and structural design of underground CAES caverns.</p>

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Long-Term Deformation and Mechanical Response in Compressed Air Energy Storage Caverns: Model Experiments and Multi-field Coupled Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Yingjun Xu,
  • Caichu Xia,
  • Shuwei Zhou,
  • Chen Xu,
  • Sheng Wang,
  • Xiaoying Zhuang,
  • Timon Rabczuk

摘要

In this study, cyclic air injection–withdrawal model tests were conducted using a large-scale physical model system to investigate the long-term deformation characteristics of the rock mass. Based on the experimental observations, a spatiotemporal evolution equation of deformation was established, and an equivalent deformation modulus approach was proposed to characterize the long-term deformation effect. By embedding this evolution law into a multi-field coupled framework, a numerical solution method considering long-term deformation of rock mass was developed. The results indicate that the rock mass exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal evolution characteristics under cyclic internal pressure. Temporally, deformation shows an exponential-type growth with asymptotic stabilization, accompanied by significant accumulation of residual deformation. Spatially, the influence of cyclic pressure attenuates rapidly with radial distance and becomes negligible beyond approximately three times the cavern radius. The proposed model effectively captures the evolution of structural mechanical responses, including cavern displacement and stresses in the steel liner and reinforcement. Thermodynamic effects lead to variations of approximately 13%–15% in structural response, while long-term deformation contributes an additional effect of about 3.6%. Unlike conventional approaches based on laboratory-scale rock tests, this study establishes a spatiotemporal deformation evolution framework directly from cyclic air injection–withdrawal model tests that realistically reproduce CAES cavern operating conditions. The proposed equivalent deformation modulus approach enables incorporation of long-term deformation effects into engineering-scale multi-field analyses, providing a new methodology for long-term stability assessment and structural design of underground CAES caverns.