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<p>Rockfall exhibits significant randomness in their motion mainly due to the irregular shapes of rocks and complex terrain. However, elucidating the potential law of randomness of rockfall motion is a necessary prerequisite for protection engineering design. Taking the Houyu Tunnel project in Fujian Province, China, as a case study, numerical simulations were carried out for rockfalls with six different sphericities using a random rockfall model based on 3D DDA. The proposed model utilizes polyhedral data to precisely depict block irregularities, and integrates a stochastic lateral disturbance upon impact to account for the dispersion in rebound trajectories. The results indicate a higher sphericity is strongly correlated with greater velocity and bounce height. The lateral dispersion of low sphericity rock mass is more obvious. The valley topography shows a notable channeling effect, resulting in a characteristic accumulation distribution of rocks. Blocks with higher sphericity are more prone to the channeling effect, resulting in longer longitudinal travel distances, but less lateral dispersion. Consequently, this study puts forward the following recommendations: (1) explicitly taking rock shape into account during the analysis of velocity and bounce height; (2) utilizing low-sphericity blocks for the assessment of lateral dispersion hazards; and (3) adopting spherical approximations to conservatively evaluate longitudinal displacement, thus offering a larger safety margin for the design of protective structures.</p>

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Analysis of Rockfall Motion Characteristics Based on a 3D DDA Stochastic Model: A Case Study of the Houyu Tunnel in Fujian Province

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Lu Zheng,
  • Zhiyuan Zhu,
  • Yihan Wu,
  • Shuning Zhang,
  • Zhiyuan Li,
  • Zishuang Han,
  • Manchao He,
  • Guangqi Chen

摘要

Rockfall exhibits significant randomness in their motion mainly due to the irregular shapes of rocks and complex terrain. However, elucidating the potential law of randomness of rockfall motion is a necessary prerequisite for protection engineering design. Taking the Houyu Tunnel project in Fujian Province, China, as a case study, numerical simulations were carried out for rockfalls with six different sphericities using a random rockfall model based on 3D DDA. The proposed model utilizes polyhedral data to precisely depict block irregularities, and integrates a stochastic lateral disturbance upon impact to account for the dispersion in rebound trajectories. The results indicate a higher sphericity is strongly correlated with greater velocity and bounce height. The lateral dispersion of low sphericity rock mass is more obvious. The valley topography shows a notable channeling effect, resulting in a characteristic accumulation distribution of rocks. Blocks with higher sphericity are more prone to the channeling effect, resulting in longer longitudinal travel distances, but less lateral dispersion. Consequently, this study puts forward the following recommendations: (1) explicitly taking rock shape into account during the analysis of velocity and bounce height; (2) utilizing low-sphericity blocks for the assessment of lateral dispersion hazards; and (3) adopting spherical approximations to conservatively evaluate longitudinal displacement, thus offering a larger safety margin for the design of protective structures.