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<p>The freeze–thaw–seepage coupling effect significantly deteriorates the internal structure of rock masses, reduces their strength, and thereby threatens engineering safety and long-term stability. Based on the particle flow code, this paper develops a freeze–thaw–seepage coupling method and establishes a coupled numerical model; fixed boundaries are used in the model for freeze–thaw calculations, with the top of the fluid model defined as an inlet boundary and the bottom as an outlet boundary, and the rationality of the models is verified through theoretical and numerical results. Using this model, the influence of freeze–thaw cycles, seepage flow rates, and interlayer dip angle on the deformation and failure of rock masses was thoroughly analyzed from aspects such as crack development, compressive contact force, and uniaxial strength. The research results indicate (i) with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, freeze–thaw–seepage cracks exhibit three stages: initial absence, gradual development, and accelerated development, while compressive cracks show a gradually decreasing trend. As the interlayer dip angle increases, freeze–thaw–seepage cracks first decrease and then increase, altering the development trend of compressive cracks. (ii) With increasing freeze–thaw cycles, compressive contact force generally tends to decrease when the interlayer dip angle is less than 45°, while it increases when the dip angle exceeds 45°, generally showing a significant increase after 15 freeze–thaw cycles. Failure strain exhibits a decreasing trend, with minor attenuation in the initial freeze–thaw–seepage stage. For a 75° interlayer dip angle after 15 freeze–thaw cycles, failure strain shows a notable increasing trend. (iii) With increasing freeze–thaw cycles, uniaxial strength shows a three-stage attenuation: no significant decay in the initial stage, followed by significant attenuation in the middle and later stages. As the interlayer dip angle increases, uniaxial strength first decreases and then increases, with strength being notably influenced by both interlayer dip angle and freeze–thaw–seepage effects. The freeze–thaw–seepage methods and results presented in this paper can provide references for related engineering analyses.</p>

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Study on Deformation and Failure of Interlayered Rock Masses Under Microscale Freeze–Thaw–Seepage Coupled Effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Liewang Qiu,
  • Chong Shi,
  • Fuhai Zhang,
  • Wangyang Li

摘要

The freeze–thaw–seepage coupling effect significantly deteriorates the internal structure of rock masses, reduces their strength, and thereby threatens engineering safety and long-term stability. Based on the particle flow code, this paper develops a freeze–thaw–seepage coupling method and establishes a coupled numerical model; fixed boundaries are used in the model for freeze–thaw calculations, with the top of the fluid model defined as an inlet boundary and the bottom as an outlet boundary, and the rationality of the models is verified through theoretical and numerical results. Using this model, the influence of freeze–thaw cycles, seepage flow rates, and interlayer dip angle on the deformation and failure of rock masses was thoroughly analyzed from aspects such as crack development, compressive contact force, and uniaxial strength. The research results indicate (i) with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, freeze–thaw–seepage cracks exhibit three stages: initial absence, gradual development, and accelerated development, while compressive cracks show a gradually decreasing trend. As the interlayer dip angle increases, freeze–thaw–seepage cracks first decrease and then increase, altering the development trend of compressive cracks. (ii) With increasing freeze–thaw cycles, compressive contact force generally tends to decrease when the interlayer dip angle is less than 45°, while it increases when the dip angle exceeds 45°, generally showing a significant increase after 15 freeze–thaw cycles. Failure strain exhibits a decreasing trend, with minor attenuation in the initial freeze–thaw–seepage stage. For a 75° interlayer dip angle after 15 freeze–thaw cycles, failure strain shows a notable increasing trend. (iii) With increasing freeze–thaw cycles, uniaxial strength shows a three-stage attenuation: no significant decay in the initial stage, followed by significant attenuation in the middle and later stages. As the interlayer dip angle increases, uniaxial strength first decreases and then increases, with strength being notably influenced by both interlayer dip angle and freeze–thaw–seepage effects. The freeze–thaw–seepage methods and results presented in this paper can provide references for related engineering analyses.