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<p>On February 6, 2023, two successive, large-magnitude earthquakes (Mw 7.8 followed nine hours later by Mw 7.6) in Türkiye, caused severe damage to critical infrastructure, including several expressway and highway tunnels. Although previous studies, including seismic damage assessments, physical modeling, numerical simulations, and field monitoring, have generally shown that tunnels experience less damage compared with surface structures, the Erkenek Tunnels in Türkiye suffered significant seismic damage. The new Erkenek Tunnels are constructed in 2017 through jointed limestone and schist units, and each tunnel has dimensions of 7.4&#xa0;m in height and 10.3&#xa0;m in width, supported by a 0.4-m-thick concrete lining. The observed damage to the tunnel linings was likely due to a combination of intense ground shaking, complex geological conditions, and shallow overburden near a steep valley. This study aims to evaluate the stability, damage mechanisms and seismic response of the tunnels using several static–dynamic analyses approaches, including the pseudo-static analysis, Dynamic Limit Equilibrium Method (DLEM), Discrete Finite Element Method (DFEM), and 3D dynamic finite element analyses using PLAXIS 3D. The causes of the observed damage are investigated, and their implications for seismic tunnel design are discussed. The analytical and numerical analyses results are compared with field monitoring and post-earthquake observations. Findings demonstrate that the tunnels were highly susceptible to seismic damage due to the shallow overburden and steeply dipping schistosity planes. These results underscore the importance of thoroughly considering geological conditions and local seismicity in tunnel design, particularly for tunnels located near steep valleys with low overburden. This study highlights the need for integrated dynamic design frameworks and enhanced methodologies for assessing seismic damage in both existing and future tunnel structures, as well as expanded field monitoring to better understand real-world tunnel behavior during earthquakes.</p>

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Static and Dynamic Stability Analysis of the Erkenek Tunnels Damaged During the February 6, 2023, Türkiye Earthquake

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • N. Malistani,
  • Ö. Aydan,
  • R. Ulusay,
  • H. Kumsar

摘要

On February 6, 2023, two successive, large-magnitude earthquakes (Mw 7.8 followed nine hours later by Mw 7.6) in Türkiye, caused severe damage to critical infrastructure, including several expressway and highway tunnels. Although previous studies, including seismic damage assessments, physical modeling, numerical simulations, and field monitoring, have generally shown that tunnels experience less damage compared with surface structures, the Erkenek Tunnels in Türkiye suffered significant seismic damage. The new Erkenek Tunnels are constructed in 2017 through jointed limestone and schist units, and each tunnel has dimensions of 7.4 m in height and 10.3 m in width, supported by a 0.4-m-thick concrete lining. The observed damage to the tunnel linings was likely due to a combination of intense ground shaking, complex geological conditions, and shallow overburden near a steep valley. This study aims to evaluate the stability, damage mechanisms and seismic response of the tunnels using several static–dynamic analyses approaches, including the pseudo-static analysis, Dynamic Limit Equilibrium Method (DLEM), Discrete Finite Element Method (DFEM), and 3D dynamic finite element analyses using PLAXIS 3D. The causes of the observed damage are investigated, and their implications for seismic tunnel design are discussed. The analytical and numerical analyses results are compared with field monitoring and post-earthquake observations. Findings demonstrate that the tunnels were highly susceptible to seismic damage due to the shallow overburden and steeply dipping schistosity planes. These results underscore the importance of thoroughly considering geological conditions and local seismicity in tunnel design, particularly for tunnels located near steep valleys with low overburden. This study highlights the need for integrated dynamic design frameworks and enhanced methodologies for assessing seismic damage in both existing and future tunnel structures, as well as expanded field monitoring to better understand real-world tunnel behavior during earthquakes.