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<p>Oblique impacts between rockfalls and soil layers pose significant challenges to impact force prediction due to complex contact mechanics and material behavior. This study develops a unified viscoelastoplastic contact model that incorporates both normal and tangential deformation responses, explicitly introducing a viscoplastic hardening coefficient <i>κ</i>, to represent nonlinear soil behavior under dynamic loading. The model accounts for the transition from viscoelastic to viscoplastic regimes and distinguishes between sticking and sliding contact conditions. Small-scale impact tests were conducted using blocks of varying mass, shape, and drop height to back-calculate <i>κ</i>, revealing its dependence on impact energy, contact geometry, soil density, and layer thickness. Large-scale validation experiments and discrete element simulations confirm the model’s ability to capture time-varying impact forces across different soil types. Statistical analysis demonstrates that κ follows a right-skewed Weibull distribution, and its percentile values can be used to predict impact responses under different energy levels. Compared with existing models, the proposed approach significantly improves accuracy and adaptability for engineering applications in rockfall mitigation.</p>

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Modeling Oblique Rockfall Impacts Using a Viscoplastic Hardening-Based Contact Framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Zhi Gao,
  • Dongpo Wang,
  • Shuaixing Yan,
  • Wei Li,
  • Hao Li,
  • Qianbao Fang,
  • Guojun Wang

摘要

Oblique impacts between rockfalls and soil layers pose significant challenges to impact force prediction due to complex contact mechanics and material behavior. This study develops a unified viscoelastoplastic contact model that incorporates both normal and tangential deformation responses, explicitly introducing a viscoplastic hardening coefficient κ, to represent nonlinear soil behavior under dynamic loading. The model accounts for the transition from viscoelastic to viscoplastic regimes and distinguishes between sticking and sliding contact conditions. Small-scale impact tests were conducted using blocks of varying mass, shape, and drop height to back-calculate κ, revealing its dependence on impact energy, contact geometry, soil density, and layer thickness. Large-scale validation experiments and discrete element simulations confirm the model’s ability to capture time-varying impact forces across different soil types. Statistical analysis demonstrates that κ follows a right-skewed Weibull distribution, and its percentile values can be used to predict impact responses under different energy levels. Compared with existing models, the proposed approach significantly improves accuracy and adaptability for engineering applications in rockfall mitigation.