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<p>This study investigates the hydraulic-mechanical interaction mechanism between confined water and heavy rainfall infiltration in shallow tunnels, with a focus on the formation process of the "hydraulic pocket" effect in localized high-pressure zones. Combining laboratory model tests and numerical simulations, the mechanical responses under different confined water heads and rainfall conditions were examined. The results indicate that, under low-Reynolds-number fracture seepage conditions, geometric contraction and channel non-uniformity within fracture networks induce local head losses and pressure redistribution, exhibiting characteristics similar to the Venturi effect, including flow velocity concentration and the formation of low-pressure zones, thereby promoting the convergence of infiltrating water within preferential pathways and its concentration toward underground cavities. When locally drainage-limited structures exist downstream (such as channel contraction or local blockage), the retained water body is prone to forming a local “hydraulic pocket” effect, leading to the accumulation of pore water pressure and the deterioration of the effective stress state of the surrounding rock, thereby triggering unfavorable mechanical responses. Under the coupled effect of rainfall, the surrounding rock pressure, pore water pressure, ground surface settlement, and lining axial force in the vicinity of the tunnel increased by 4.39%–22.21%. The study reveals the synergistic deterioration mechanism of rainfall on confined water systems and the important role of the Venturi-like head redistribution process controlled by fracture geometric conditions in the transient evolution of confined water. An accurate characterization of the pressure redistribution behavior induced by geometric contraction under heterogeneous fracture conditions and the transient confined water response characteristics triggered by rainfall recharge can provide a theoretical basis for tunnel water inrush risk prediction, optimization of drainage/grouting measures, and safety control under extreme hydrological loads.</p>

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Venturi-Like Effect of Transient Water Storage on the Performance Response of Shallow Tunnel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Junling Qiu,
  • Lei Qiang,
  • Xulin Su,
  • Jinxing Lai,
  • Yuhua Chen,
  • Hao Sun,
  • Jindong Yang

摘要

This study investigates the hydraulic-mechanical interaction mechanism between confined water and heavy rainfall infiltration in shallow tunnels, with a focus on the formation process of the "hydraulic pocket" effect in localized high-pressure zones. Combining laboratory model tests and numerical simulations, the mechanical responses under different confined water heads and rainfall conditions were examined. The results indicate that, under low-Reynolds-number fracture seepage conditions, geometric contraction and channel non-uniformity within fracture networks induce local head losses and pressure redistribution, exhibiting characteristics similar to the Venturi effect, including flow velocity concentration and the formation of low-pressure zones, thereby promoting the convergence of infiltrating water within preferential pathways and its concentration toward underground cavities. When locally drainage-limited structures exist downstream (such as channel contraction or local blockage), the retained water body is prone to forming a local “hydraulic pocket” effect, leading to the accumulation of pore water pressure and the deterioration of the effective stress state of the surrounding rock, thereby triggering unfavorable mechanical responses. Under the coupled effect of rainfall, the surrounding rock pressure, pore water pressure, ground surface settlement, and lining axial force in the vicinity of the tunnel increased by 4.39%–22.21%. The study reveals the synergistic deterioration mechanism of rainfall on confined water systems and the important role of the Venturi-like head redistribution process controlled by fracture geometric conditions in the transient evolution of confined water. An accurate characterization of the pressure redistribution behavior induced by geometric contraction under heterogeneous fracture conditions and the transient confined water response characteristics triggered by rainfall recharge can provide a theoretical basis for tunnel water inrush risk prediction, optimization of drainage/grouting measures, and safety control under extreme hydrological loads.