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<p>In cold regions, naturally fractured rocks undergo freezing cracks when frozen, potentially causing reduced stability with risk of rock falls. Based on the developmental processes and mechanisms of frost fracturing, a multi-field coupled numerical simulation method is developed that integrates ice–water phase change, rock fracture propagation, seepage, and heat transfer. Based on the principle of ice–water phase change, an equivalent water expansion method is proposed to simulate water frost heaving. The methodology is validated against laboratory tests, demonstrating its capability to capture physical changes during phase transitions within fractures accurately. Through multi-field coupled finite element simulations, the effects of freezing direction, rock elastic modulus, and permeability on frost cracking were investigated. Results indicate that freezing direction significantly influences frost heave pressure in fractured rock by influencing seepage. Laboratory studies should replicate field heat transfer directions in engineering rock mass. When the permeability is greater than 10<sup>−16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, the frost-heaving pressure can be ignored, and when the permeability is less than 10<sup>−18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, the seepage can be ignored. This study provides critical insights for cold-region rock engineering research.</p>

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Effect of Seepage Behavior on Frost-Heaving Pressure of Fractured Rocks: Numerical Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Fengqi Shen,
  • Wenliang Qiu,
  • Liwen Tan

摘要

In cold regions, naturally fractured rocks undergo freezing cracks when frozen, potentially causing reduced stability with risk of rock falls. Based on the developmental processes and mechanisms of frost fracturing, a multi-field coupled numerical simulation method is developed that integrates ice–water phase change, rock fracture propagation, seepage, and heat transfer. Based on the principle of ice–water phase change, an equivalent water expansion method is proposed to simulate water frost heaving. The methodology is validated against laboratory tests, demonstrating its capability to capture physical changes during phase transitions within fractures accurately. Through multi-field coupled finite element simulations, the effects of freezing direction, rock elastic modulus, and permeability on frost cracking were investigated. Results indicate that freezing direction significantly influences frost heave pressure in fractured rock by influencing seepage. Laboratory studies should replicate field heat transfer directions in engineering rock mass. When the permeability is greater than 10−16 m2, the frost-heaving pressure can be ignored, and when the permeability is less than 10−18 m2, the seepage can be ignored. This study provides critical insights for cold-region rock engineering research.