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<p>To better understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of hang-ups under different influences, a complex network analysis approach was employed. This objective was to identify vital particles and rank of their importance within the local packing system of caved ore and rock in various hang-up states, exploring their geometric and spatial distribution, clustering, and connectivity characteristics under diverse conditions. The findings revealed that: (1) The contact network of particles within the hang-up system follows a random network model, with the average Degree distribution aligning with a Poisson distribution. About 75% of particle Degrees range from 1 to 4, while approximately 25% have a Degree higher than 4, indicating Degree as a suitable vital particle identification index. (2) The size of vital particles decreases in a power function as their number increases, with the most important particles always having the largest size. Once the hang-up is removed, the average size of vital particles removed is over 2.6 times larger than the system's average particle size. Additionally, these vital particles tend to aggregate above the drawpoint, forming a noticeable arch shape. (3) Within the hang-up system of caved ore and rock, the stability and extent of hang-ups can be enhanced by adjusting key parameters. Specifically, reducing the drawpoint-to-particle-size ratio or increasing the particle friction coefficients and overburden stresses can significantly improve the clustering and connectivity among vital particles, thereby strengthening the contact network. Notably, beyond a critical threshold, the influence of these factors on hang-up stabilization tends to level off. To address on-site hang-up issues and enable the scientific optimization of stope structural parameters, as well as precise size control of caved ore and rock in caving mines, this study establishes a theoretical foundation by clarifying the geometric and spatial characteristics of vital particles. This foundation serves to effectively guide caving mining practices.</p>

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Identifying Vital Particles in Hang-Up Systems of Caved Ore and Rock via Complex Networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Hao Sun,
  • Shenggui Zhou,
  • Lishan Zhao,
  • Lichang Wei,
  • Xueqian Wang

摘要

To better understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of hang-ups under different influences, a complex network analysis approach was employed. This objective was to identify vital particles and rank of their importance within the local packing system of caved ore and rock in various hang-up states, exploring their geometric and spatial distribution, clustering, and connectivity characteristics under diverse conditions. The findings revealed that: (1) The contact network of particles within the hang-up system follows a random network model, with the average Degree distribution aligning with a Poisson distribution. About 75% of particle Degrees range from 1 to 4, while approximately 25% have a Degree higher than 4, indicating Degree as a suitable vital particle identification index. (2) The size of vital particles decreases in a power function as their number increases, with the most important particles always having the largest size. Once the hang-up is removed, the average size of vital particles removed is over 2.6 times larger than the system's average particle size. Additionally, these vital particles tend to aggregate above the drawpoint, forming a noticeable arch shape. (3) Within the hang-up system of caved ore and rock, the stability and extent of hang-ups can be enhanced by adjusting key parameters. Specifically, reducing the drawpoint-to-particle-size ratio or increasing the particle friction coefficients and overburden stresses can significantly improve the clustering and connectivity among vital particles, thereby strengthening the contact network. Notably, beyond a critical threshold, the influence of these factors on hang-up stabilization tends to level off. To address on-site hang-up issues and enable the scientific optimization of stope structural parameters, as well as precise size control of caved ore and rock in caving mines, this study establishes a theoretical foundation by clarifying the geometric and spatial characteristics of vital particles. This foundation serves to effectively guide caving mining practices.