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<p>Conventional open-pit bench blasting designs often exhibit limited seasonal adaptability in cold regions due to inadequate consideration of sub-zero temperature effects on rock blasting response. To address this issue, this study employs the Julong Copper Mine as a representative cold-region case study and develops a 3D single-hole blasting model using LS-DYNA to systematically investigate the mechanisms governing rock damage evolution, crater morphology, and crater characteristic curves under varying temperatures (20&#xa0;℃ to −40&#xa0;℃) and charge depths (0.5–2.3 m). A quantitative correlation analysis further elucidates the relationship between powder factor and key rock parameters. The results demonstrate that both temperature and charge depth critically influence blasting-induced rock damage. At constant temperatures, increasing charge depth alters rock damage patterns. For a given charge depth, lower temperatures reduce the extent of rock damage, with the threshold charge depth for crater formation negatively correlating with temperature. Moreover, crater volume exhibits non-linear unimodal responses to charge depth across all temperatures, confirming the existence of an optimal depth. Under sub-zero conditions, P-wave velocity and tensile strength show strong positive correlations with powder factor, identifying them as governing parameters for blasting performance in frozen rock. Leveraging these insights, a quantitative relationship between powder factor and temperature is derived, and integrated with vertical temperature gradients of cold-region rock benches to establish a predictive model for heterogeneous frozen rock masses. Application of this model at the Julong Copper Mine determines temperature-adaptive powder factors and optimizes blasthole spacing designs. Field tests conducted at −10 ℃ and −20 ℃ validate the effectiveness of the optimized schemes. Finally, a practical design flowchart is developed to guide engineers in systematically determining temperature-adaptive blasting parameters. This research provides a solid theoretical and technical foundation for safe and efficient blasting operations in extreme-cold environments.</p>

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Dynamic Optimization of Powder Factor in Extreme-cold Region Bench Blasting Considering Temperature Effects on Single-hole Blasting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Xin Cai,
  • Chu Wang,
  • Zilong Zhou,
  • Ruishan Cheng,
  • Jingyao Gao,
  • Bo Liu

摘要

Conventional open-pit bench blasting designs often exhibit limited seasonal adaptability in cold regions due to inadequate consideration of sub-zero temperature effects on rock blasting response. To address this issue, this study employs the Julong Copper Mine as a representative cold-region case study and develops a 3D single-hole blasting model using LS-DYNA to systematically investigate the mechanisms governing rock damage evolution, crater morphology, and crater characteristic curves under varying temperatures (20 ℃ to −40 ℃) and charge depths (0.5–2.3 m). A quantitative correlation analysis further elucidates the relationship between powder factor and key rock parameters. The results demonstrate that both temperature and charge depth critically influence blasting-induced rock damage. At constant temperatures, increasing charge depth alters rock damage patterns. For a given charge depth, lower temperatures reduce the extent of rock damage, with the threshold charge depth for crater formation negatively correlating with temperature. Moreover, crater volume exhibits non-linear unimodal responses to charge depth across all temperatures, confirming the existence of an optimal depth. Under sub-zero conditions, P-wave velocity and tensile strength show strong positive correlations with powder factor, identifying them as governing parameters for blasting performance in frozen rock. Leveraging these insights, a quantitative relationship between powder factor and temperature is derived, and integrated with vertical temperature gradients of cold-region rock benches to establish a predictive model for heterogeneous frozen rock masses. Application of this model at the Julong Copper Mine determines temperature-adaptive powder factors and optimizes blasthole spacing designs. Field tests conducted at −10 ℃ and −20 ℃ validate the effectiveness of the optimized schemes. Finally, a practical design flowchart is developed to guide engineers in systematically determining temperature-adaptive blasting parameters. This research provides a solid theoretical and technical foundation for safe and efficient blasting operations in extreme-cold environments.