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<p>To address the cognitive challenges in understanding the multiscale fracture evolution mechanisms of deep rock masses under strong excavation disturbances, this study proposes an integrated method combining 3D DEM–FDM coupled simulation and borehole monitoring. Taking the Shuangjiangkou hydropower station’s underground main powerhouse as a case study, we systematically revealed multiscale fracture evolution in deep rock mass during excavation unloading through macro–meso-partitioned coupled numerical simulations validated with field monitoring data. Key findings include: A significant synergistic effect exists between dynamic stress field adjustments induced by excavation disturbances and mineral-scale mechanical responses. Shallow high stress gradient zones are dominated by transgranular tensile fractures, while deep regions develop tensile–shear composite damage. Acoustic emission energy release characteristics demonstrate a transition from high-energy concentrated release to low-energy progressive accumulation. This is evidenced by an increase in the <i>b</i> value from 2.76 to 3.09 during excavation, aligning cross-scale with multi-point extensometer monitoring results. The established macro–meso-partitioned coupled numerical model successfully predicts fracture zone evolution within a 4.8&#xa0;m depth range, as evidenced by high consistency with borehole imaging and ultrasonic testing data. This research provides a novel methodological framework for stability assessment and dynamic control in deep rock mass engineering.</p>

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Multiscale Fracture Evolution in Deep Hard Rock Masses Under Strong Excavation Disturbances: Stress-Mineral Synergy Unraveled Through Integrated 3D DEM–FDM Modeling and Borehole Monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Xiu-Yang Liu,
  • Ding-Ping Xu,
  • Quan Jiang,
  • Shao-Jun Li,
  • Shi-Li Qiu,
  • Yong Xia

摘要

To address the cognitive challenges in understanding the multiscale fracture evolution mechanisms of deep rock masses under strong excavation disturbances, this study proposes an integrated method combining 3D DEM–FDM coupled simulation and borehole monitoring. Taking the Shuangjiangkou hydropower station’s underground main powerhouse as a case study, we systematically revealed multiscale fracture evolution in deep rock mass during excavation unloading through macro–meso-partitioned coupled numerical simulations validated with field monitoring data. Key findings include: A significant synergistic effect exists between dynamic stress field adjustments induced by excavation disturbances and mineral-scale mechanical responses. Shallow high stress gradient zones are dominated by transgranular tensile fractures, while deep regions develop tensile–shear composite damage. Acoustic emission energy release characteristics demonstrate a transition from high-energy concentrated release to low-energy progressive accumulation. This is evidenced by an increase in the b value from 2.76 to 3.09 during excavation, aligning cross-scale with multi-point extensometer monitoring results. The established macro–meso-partitioned coupled numerical model successfully predicts fracture zone evolution within a 4.8 m depth range, as evidenced by high consistency with borehole imaging and ultrasonic testing data. This research provides a novel methodological framework for stability assessment and dynamic control in deep rock mass engineering.