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<p>Repeated glacial cycles induce alterations in the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) conditions of paraglacial slopes, leading to undesirable rock mass damage and subsequent progressive slope failure. This study conducted fully coupled THM cyclic rheological tests and subsequent triaxial rheological tests to investigate the effects of THM treatment on rheological properties of paraglacial bedrock. Experimental results indicate that rock creep deformation, long-term strength, and failure modes are highly sensitive to coupled THM treatment. After multiple cycles of coupled THM treatment, both the ultimate strength and the total strain at failure drop sharply, with a more significant reduction in long-term strength. Furthermore, the network of cracks developed in rock creep failure tends to be complex. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the transition of macroscopic cracks originates from the shift of microscopic cracking from transgranular fracturing to intergranular fracturing. Based on experimental observations, within the framework of the viscoelastic plastic model, we consider the THM effects as damage and introduce a fractional order-based damage creep model to quantitatively describe the rock creep parameters. Parameter fitting results show that rock elasticity decreases while viscosity increases with increasing coupled THM cycles. Based on the model and rock mechanics experimental results, we discussed the long-term strength evolution, microstructural damage characteristics, and their relationship with changes in creep parameters. This investigation offers a unique laboratory-scale comprehension and a modeling research tool for further understanding the rheological properties of paraglacial bedrock under fully coupled THM loading cycles.</p><p><b>Highlights</b><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>Rock rheological properties after fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical cycling were compared to those after separate cycling.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>A fractional order-based model that characterizes the impact of fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical loading on rock creep properties was introduced.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>A macro–micro connection of creep failure with model creep parameters was established.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Experimental and Damage Model Investigation on Rheological Properties of Paraglacial Bedrock in Response to Fully Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Loading Cycles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Xiang Sun,
  • Guoqing Chen,
  • Simon Loew,
  • V. R. S. De Silva

摘要

Repeated glacial cycles induce alterations in the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) conditions of paraglacial slopes, leading to undesirable rock mass damage and subsequent progressive slope failure. This study conducted fully coupled THM cyclic rheological tests and subsequent triaxial rheological tests to investigate the effects of THM treatment on rheological properties of paraglacial bedrock. Experimental results indicate that rock creep deformation, long-term strength, and failure modes are highly sensitive to coupled THM treatment. After multiple cycles of coupled THM treatment, both the ultimate strength and the total strain at failure drop sharply, with a more significant reduction in long-term strength. Furthermore, the network of cracks developed in rock creep failure tends to be complex. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the transition of macroscopic cracks originates from the shift of microscopic cracking from transgranular fracturing to intergranular fracturing. Based on experimental observations, within the framework of the viscoelastic plastic model, we consider the THM effects as damage and introduce a fractional order-based damage creep model to quantitatively describe the rock creep parameters. Parameter fitting results show that rock elasticity decreases while viscosity increases with increasing coupled THM cycles. Based on the model and rock mechanics experimental results, we discussed the long-term strength evolution, microstructural damage characteristics, and their relationship with changes in creep parameters. This investigation offers a unique laboratory-scale comprehension and a modeling research tool for further understanding the rheological properties of paraglacial bedrock under fully coupled THM loading cycles.

Highlights

Rock rheological properties after fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical cycling were compared to those after separate cycling.

A fractional order-based model that characterizes the impact of fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical loading on rock creep properties was introduced.

A macro–micro connection of creep failure with model creep parameters was established.