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<p>Rainfall and water-level fluctuations are the two primary factors contributing to slope instability along reservoir shores. However, the mechanisms driving landslides under the interplay of these factors remain unclear. A centrifugal model testing system that can simulate the coupled effects of rainfall and reservoir water-level fluctuations was developed. Four scenarios—isolated water-level changes, isolated rainfall, rainfall before rapid water-level drop, and rainfall during rapid water-level drop—were methodically analyzed to assess the deformation characteristics of the reservoir slope. By examining macro-scale slope deformation, pore water pressure, and changes in soil pressure throughout the experiment, the deformation and failure mechanisms of the accumulation body slope under complex reservoir water-level fluctuations and rainfall conditions were explored. The results indicate that the accumulation body is compacted due to sedimentation, reducing its susceptibility to deformation or failure during the reservoir filling phase. Furthermore, the accumulation body’s comparatively low permeability makes it improbable for heavy rainfall to reach the underlying basal sliding surface. Instead, the rapid decrease in the reservoir water level was identified as the main factor inducing deformation. This results in graded sliding in the middle and lower parts of the slope and the formation of tension cracks along the back edge. While rainfall-induced damage to the slope is restricted to the surface, its contribution to subsequent damage from water-level fluctuations is minimal. In contrast, the tension cracks formed after a rapid water-level drop significantly amplify the destructive effects of rainfall. In summary, the effects of water storage, water-level drop, and rainfall on landslide deformation are prioritized as follows: water-level drop &gt; rainfall &gt; water storage. Consequently, these findings necessitate enhanced real-time monitoring and targeted protection during critical operational phases—particularly post-rainfall drawdown regulation—to mitigate instability risks.</p>

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Centrifuge Modeling of Deformation and Failure Mechanisms in Reservoir Bank Slopes Under the Coupled Effect of Rainfall and Water-Level Fluctuations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月22日

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  • Liang Wang,
  • Qiang Zhang,
  • Chaojun Jia,
  • Hongjie Chen,
  • Jing Hu,
  • Qingfu Huang

摘要

Rainfall and water-level fluctuations are the two primary factors contributing to slope instability along reservoir shores. However, the mechanisms driving landslides under the interplay of these factors remain unclear. A centrifugal model testing system that can simulate the coupled effects of rainfall and reservoir water-level fluctuations was developed. Four scenarios—isolated water-level changes, isolated rainfall, rainfall before rapid water-level drop, and rainfall during rapid water-level drop—were methodically analyzed to assess the deformation characteristics of the reservoir slope. By examining macro-scale slope deformation, pore water pressure, and changes in soil pressure throughout the experiment, the deformation and failure mechanisms of the accumulation body slope under complex reservoir water-level fluctuations and rainfall conditions were explored. The results indicate that the accumulation body is compacted due to sedimentation, reducing its susceptibility to deformation or failure during the reservoir filling phase. Furthermore, the accumulation body’s comparatively low permeability makes it improbable for heavy rainfall to reach the underlying basal sliding surface. Instead, the rapid decrease in the reservoir water level was identified as the main factor inducing deformation. This results in graded sliding in the middle and lower parts of the slope and the formation of tension cracks along the back edge. While rainfall-induced damage to the slope is restricted to the surface, its contribution to subsequent damage from water-level fluctuations is minimal. In contrast, the tension cracks formed after a rapid water-level drop significantly amplify the destructive effects of rainfall. In summary, the effects of water storage, water-level drop, and rainfall on landslide deformation are prioritized as follows: water-level drop > rainfall > water storage. Consequently, these findings necessitate enhanced real-time monitoring and targeted protection during critical operational phases—particularly post-rainfall drawdown regulation—to mitigate instability risks.