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<p>In the southwestern region of China, tunnel construction often encounters high-energy environments such as high temperature, high ground stress, and high water pressure. However, the research on the face failure mechanism of tunnels in such environments remains strikingly limited. The face failure process and instability mechanism of fault tunnels in high-energy environments are investigated based on the 3D discrete fracture network-discrete element method (DFN-DEM) considering the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling model. Initially, this method is validated by simulating the hydraulic fracture, geothermal energy recovery, heat conduction, and heat convection processes. Subsequently, the influences of different water pressures and high temperatures are discussed. Finally, the eigenvalue of the THM coupling effects is determined. The results indicate that the fault zone is subjected to thermal expansion and its strength is reduced under high temperature and high ground stress. High-pressure water seeps into the fault fractures and produces hydraulic splitting effect, causing the fractures to expand and penetrate, and ultimately triggering the face instability and collapse of the fault tunnel. With the increase of the water pressure and temperature, the maximum value of the velocity of the fault water rushing into the tunnel increases, the fault zone instability and collapse volume increases, and the amount of fault gravel rushing into the tunnel increases. When the temperature and water pressure are 70&#xa0;°C and 6 MPa, the THM coupling effects are the strongest, and the prevention and control measures for the disaster of face instability and collapse of fault tunnels should be strengthened.</p>

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Face Failure Mechanism of Fault Tunnels in High-Energy Environments Based on 3D DFN-DEM Considering Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupling Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Tongxin Liu,
  • Shiqin Tu,
  • Chengping Zhang,
  • Wei Li

摘要

In the southwestern region of China, tunnel construction often encounters high-energy environments such as high temperature, high ground stress, and high water pressure. However, the research on the face failure mechanism of tunnels in such environments remains strikingly limited. The face failure process and instability mechanism of fault tunnels in high-energy environments are investigated based on the 3D discrete fracture network-discrete element method (DFN-DEM) considering the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling model. Initially, this method is validated by simulating the hydraulic fracture, geothermal energy recovery, heat conduction, and heat convection processes. Subsequently, the influences of different water pressures and high temperatures are discussed. Finally, the eigenvalue of the THM coupling effects is determined. The results indicate that the fault zone is subjected to thermal expansion and its strength is reduced under high temperature and high ground stress. High-pressure water seeps into the fault fractures and produces hydraulic splitting effect, causing the fractures to expand and penetrate, and ultimately triggering the face instability and collapse of the fault tunnel. With the increase of the water pressure and temperature, the maximum value of the velocity of the fault water rushing into the tunnel increases, the fault zone instability and collapse volume increases, and the amount of fault gravel rushing into the tunnel increases. When the temperature and water pressure are 70 °C and 6 MPa, the THM coupling effects are the strongest, and the prevention and control measures for the disaster of face instability and collapse of fault tunnels should be strengthened.