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<p>The professional use of isobutyl paraben (IBP) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics remains controversial due to its suspected endocrine-disrupting effects. This research evaluates how exposure to IBP at different doses impacts male reproductive functions, sexual behavior, and testicular structure in Wistar rats. Adult male rats received IBP treatment at three doses: 10, 20, and 50&#xa0;mg/kg/day, over a specified experimental period, while researchers examined reproductive indicators, behavioral patterns, biochemical measurements, and tissue histology across all groups. The research data indicated that sperm quality and motility significantly decreased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001), with total sperm count and rapid progressive motility, along with kinetic parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), and average path velocity (VAP), also declining. The administration of higher doses of IBP resulted in substantial damage to sperm movement, beat cross frequency (BCF), and lateral head displacement (ALH), indicating impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Testicular degeneration worsened proportionately to IBP dose levels, with low doses causing loose germinal epithelium and high doses leading to tubular atrophy, germ cell depletion, and interstitial edema. Research data showed that sexual behaviors and neuroendocrine processes were disrupted, while testosterone production declined due to hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis interruption. The systemic toxicity of IBP is further supported by changes in organ weights, alterations in hematological indices, and modifications to glucose and lipid profiles, along with renal function tests. Urinary analysis revealed evidence of kidney stress, evidenced by changes in pH levels, specific gravity, and cellular shedding. The research data confirms that IBP causes severe endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity by mimicking estrogen, creating oxidative stress, and damaging mitochondria. Additional research into the long-term effects on reproductive health due to the widespread use of this substance is essential.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Endocrine-disrupting effects of isobutyl paraben on male reproductive function: a pilot study in rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Mahesh Tanwade,
  • Basawarajeshwari Indur,
  • Vishwajit Darekar,
  • B. Ramakrishna Reddy

摘要

The professional use of isobutyl paraben (IBP) in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics remains controversial due to its suspected endocrine-disrupting effects. This research evaluates how exposure to IBP at different doses impacts male reproductive functions, sexual behavior, and testicular structure in Wistar rats. Adult male rats received IBP treatment at three doses: 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg/day, over a specified experimental period, while researchers examined reproductive indicators, behavioral patterns, biochemical measurements, and tissue histology across all groups. The research data indicated that sperm quality and motility significantly decreased (p < 0.0001), with total sperm count and rapid progressive motility, along with kinetic parameters such as curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), and average path velocity (VAP), also declining. The administration of higher doses of IBP resulted in substantial damage to sperm movement, beat cross frequency (BCF), and lateral head displacement (ALH), indicating impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. Testicular degeneration worsened proportionately to IBP dose levels, with low doses causing loose germinal epithelium and high doses leading to tubular atrophy, germ cell depletion, and interstitial edema. Research data showed that sexual behaviors and neuroendocrine processes were disrupted, while testosterone production declined due to hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis interruption. The systemic toxicity of IBP is further supported by changes in organ weights, alterations in hematological indices, and modifications to glucose and lipid profiles, along with renal function tests. Urinary analysis revealed evidence of kidney stress, evidenced by changes in pH levels, specific gravity, and cellular shedding. The research data confirms that IBP causes severe endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity by mimicking estrogen, creating oxidative stress, and damaging mitochondria. Additional research into the long-term effects on reproductive health due to the widespread use of this substance is essential.

Graphical Abstract