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<p>Verapamil, an L-type calcium channel inhibitor used for the treatment of cardiological conditions, is a widely used pharmaceutical that has been detected in surface and ground water. This study aims to assess the behavioural, mutagenic and haemato-biochemical changes in <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> exposed to verapamil. Juvenile <i>C. gariepinus</i> were randomly assigned to four groups (groups I, II, III and IV) of 10 fish each in separate 20-L aquaria. Groups I, II and III were exposed to 15.41, 7.71 and 5.14&#xa0;mg/L of verapamil, respectively, while group IV was exposed to tap water (control). The exposure lasted for 21&#xa0;days, after which the fish were withdrawn from the test chemical for 7&#xa0;days. Fish behaviour was assessed while the mutagenic and haemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated in the sampled blood. Fish behaviour was adversely affected, but there was no significant change in micronuclei formation. There was a significant reduction in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell counts, but a significant increase in white blood cell counts. The mean corpuscular volume decreased, but the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities increased. The total protein values increased while glucose decreased, but the plasma urea and creatinine levels were not affected. The integrated biomarker response index indicated a similarity in the toxicity profile of 15.41, 7.71 and 5.14&#xa0;mg/L verapamil on fish serum biochemical and haematological biomarkers. Verapamil is not genotoxic to <i>C. gariepinus</i>, but long-term exposure may cause haematoxicity and hepatotoxicity in the fish; hence, there is a need to monitor the release of the drug into the aquatic environment.</p>

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Behavioural, mutagenic and haemato-biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to verapamil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月18日

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  • Ijeoma Jumoke Aguzie,
  • Ifeanyi Oscar Aguzie,
  • Tina Nkechinyere Ikwor,
  • Steve Venatius Chiamaka Ubah,
  • Christopher Didigwu Nwani

摘要

Verapamil, an L-type calcium channel inhibitor used for the treatment of cardiological conditions, is a widely used pharmaceutical that has been detected in surface and ground water. This study aims to assess the behavioural, mutagenic and haemato-biochemical changes in Clarias gariepinus exposed to verapamil. Juvenile C. gariepinus were randomly assigned to four groups (groups I, II, III and IV) of 10 fish each in separate 20-L aquaria. Groups I, II and III were exposed to 15.41, 7.71 and 5.14 mg/L of verapamil, respectively, while group IV was exposed to tap water (control). The exposure lasted for 21 days, after which the fish were withdrawn from the test chemical for 7 days. Fish behaviour was assessed while the mutagenic and haemato-biochemical parameters were evaluated in the sampled blood. Fish behaviour was adversely affected, but there was no significant change in micronuclei formation. There was a significant reduction in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell counts, but a significant increase in white blood cell counts. The mean corpuscular volume decreased, but the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increased. The alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities increased. The total protein values increased while glucose decreased, but the plasma urea and creatinine levels were not affected. The integrated biomarker response index indicated a similarity in the toxicity profile of 15.41, 7.71 and 5.14 mg/L verapamil on fish serum biochemical and haematological biomarkers. Verapamil is not genotoxic to C. gariepinus, but long-term exposure may cause haematoxicity and hepatotoxicity in the fish; hence, there is a need to monitor the release of the drug into the aquatic environment.