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<p>A finite element simulation study presents parametric optimization of a BK-7/Ag/graphene Kretschmann-configuration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. The design consists of a BK-7 borosilicate glass prism, a silver thin film, and a graphene sensing interface. The refractive index (RI) response is evaluated across 1.36–1.38 RIU, a range corresponding to healthy and cancer-affected tissue conditions.Simulations were run in COMSOL Multiphysics at 633&#xa0;nm, with silver thickness varied from 24 to 54&#xa0;nm and graphene coverage from 1 to 4 monolayers. A 34&#xa0;nm silver film produces the strongest plasmonic coupling, with a minimum reflectance of 1.205%, the deepest resonance dip across all tested configurations. Varying graphene thickness produces larger resonance angle shifts than varying silver thickness, with a maximum variation of 0.779% for Δn = 0.02 RIU.The optimized configuration yields a sensitivity of 868 degrees/RIU, a figure of merit of 868 RIU-1, a Q-factor of 92.822, a signal-to-noise ratio of 42.920, and a detection limit of 2.861. Performance remains stable under small deviations in silver thickness and graphene layer count, indicating the configuration is suitable for high-resolution refractive index biosensing.</p>

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Finite element optimization of a BK-7/Ag/graphene Kretschmann SPR sensor for refractive index sensing in the skin tissue optical window

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Tobia Topisia,
  • Kabeer Usman Abdulrazaq,
  • Amuthakkannan Rajakannu

摘要

A finite element simulation study presents parametric optimization of a BK-7/Ag/graphene Kretschmann-configuration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. The design consists of a BK-7 borosilicate glass prism, a silver thin film, and a graphene sensing interface. The refractive index (RI) response is evaluated across 1.36–1.38 RIU, a range corresponding to healthy and cancer-affected tissue conditions.Simulations were run in COMSOL Multiphysics at 633 nm, with silver thickness varied from 24 to 54 nm and graphene coverage from 1 to 4 monolayers. A 34 nm silver film produces the strongest plasmonic coupling, with a minimum reflectance of 1.205%, the deepest resonance dip across all tested configurations. Varying graphene thickness produces larger resonance angle shifts than varying silver thickness, with a maximum variation of 0.779% for Δn = 0.02 RIU.The optimized configuration yields a sensitivity of 868 degrees/RIU, a figure of merit of 868 RIU-1, a Q-factor of 92.822, a signal-to-noise ratio of 42.920, and a detection limit of 2.861. Performance remains stable under small deviations in silver thickness and graphene layer count, indicating the configuration is suitable for high-resolution refractive index biosensing.