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<p>Microwave-based glucose sensing has attracted much interest for continuous and non-invasive glucose monitoring. The sensing principle is the antenna’s resonance frequency shifts and changes in return loss to variations in blood glucose concentration. This study proposes a novel hybrid solid–liquid cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) operating at 2.4&#xa0;GHz in the ISM band as a potential biosensor for non-invasive glucose sensing. This study demonstrates a CDRA; the resonator is made from polylactic acid (PLA) and is filled with a high-permittivity liquid, such as glycerine, ensuring biocompatibility with human tissues. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated in CST Microwave Studio using a three-layer biological model of the human finger. The biological model consists of three layers: skin, fat, and blood, where the blood layer was characterized using the single-pole Cole–Cole model to represent glucose-dependent dielectric variations. Experimental validation is conducted using aqueous glucose solutions, ensuring controlled measurement conditions and verified with conventional methods. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis confirmed safe operation within IEEE guidelines, yielding a maximum SAR value of 0.472 W/kg. The study shows that the hybrid CDRA exhibits glucose-sensing capability with a sensitivity of 0.06&#xa0;MHz/mg/dL and a clear linear response across the 50–350&#xa0;mg/dL glucose range, making it a potential biosensor for glucose measurement applications. The study brings a new approach to using tunable, biocompatible and structurally robust hybrid solid–liquid dielectric resonator configurations for microwave-based glucose sensing.</p>

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Hybrid solid–liquid cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for non-invasive glucose measurement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Gülay Karataş,
  • Rasime Uyguroğlu

摘要

Microwave-based glucose sensing has attracted much interest for continuous and non-invasive glucose monitoring. The sensing principle is the antenna’s resonance frequency shifts and changes in return loss to variations in blood glucose concentration. This study proposes a novel hybrid solid–liquid cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) operating at 2.4 GHz in the ISM band as a potential biosensor for non-invasive glucose sensing. This study demonstrates a CDRA; the resonator is made from polylactic acid (PLA) and is filled with a high-permittivity liquid, such as glycerine, ensuring biocompatibility with human tissues. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated in CST Microwave Studio using a three-layer biological model of the human finger. The biological model consists of three layers: skin, fat, and blood, where the blood layer was characterized using the single-pole Cole–Cole model to represent glucose-dependent dielectric variations. Experimental validation is conducted using aqueous glucose solutions, ensuring controlled measurement conditions and verified with conventional methods. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis confirmed safe operation within IEEE guidelines, yielding a maximum SAR value of 0.472 W/kg. The study shows that the hybrid CDRA exhibits glucose-sensing capability with a sensitivity of 0.06 MHz/mg/dL and a clear linear response across the 50–350 mg/dL glucose range, making it a potential biosensor for glucose measurement applications. The study brings a new approach to using tunable, biocompatible and structurally robust hybrid solid–liquid dielectric resonator configurations for microwave-based glucose sensing.