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Background <p>Despite advances, immunotherapy has shown limited efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC restricts effective antitumor immune responses, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that modulating the TME could enhance immunotherapy outcomes, with glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) presenting as a promising target.</p> Methods <p>We performed in vivo studies using the Pan02 mouse model of PDAC, where we activated GITR. Complementary analyses were performed on human PDAC samples that were obtained from surgical resections, both from treatment-naive patients and those undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Human PDAC samples were assessed using scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and immunofluorescence.</p> Results <p>GITR was found to be significantly overexpressed in PDAC tissues compared to normal adjacent pancreatic tissue, with further upregulation observed following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings were corroborated in Pan02 mouse model. GITR activation in vivo led to a reduction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and an increase in activated cytotoxic effector cells within the TME, resulting in suppressed tumor growth and extended survival. Spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed that GITR expression was predominantly localized to lymphocytes in close proximity to tumor cells in human PDAC. Additionally, long-term survival PDAC patients showed high levels of GITR<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes, underscoring its clinical relevance.</p> Conclusions <p>This study identifies GITR as a key regulator of the immunosuppressive TME in PDAC. By promoting T cell activation and effector functions, GITR represents a promising target for immunotherapeutic treatment in PDAC. Combining GITR activation with standard chemotherapy may offer a promising strategy to improve outcomes for PDAC patients.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Agonistic GITR treatment enhances antitumor immune responses and suppresses tumor progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月1日

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  • Steve Robatel,
  • Hanne Hillen,
  • Ivanina Mutisheva,
  • Joshua C. Müller,
  • Martin Wartenberg,
  • Feiyang Ma,
  • Lukas Bäriswyl,
  • Jef Evenepoel,
  • Colinda L. G. J. Scheele,
  • Delphine J. Lee,
  • Robert L. Modlin,
  • Ulf Kessler,
  • Max Nobis,
  • Kaspar Z’graggen,
  • Mirjam Schenk

摘要

Background

Despite advances, immunotherapy has shown limited efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC restricts effective antitumor immune responses, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Emerging evidence suggests that modulating the TME could enhance immunotherapy outcomes, with glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) presenting as a promising target.

Methods

We performed in vivo studies using the Pan02 mouse model of PDAC, where we activated GITR. Complementary analyses were performed on human PDAC samples that were obtained from surgical resections, both from treatment-naive patients and those undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Human PDAC samples were assessed using scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, and immunofluorescence.

Results

GITR was found to be significantly overexpressed in PDAC tissues compared to normal adjacent pancreatic tissue, with further upregulation observed following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings were corroborated in Pan02 mouse model. GITR activation in vivo led to a reduction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and an increase in activated cytotoxic effector cells within the TME, resulting in suppressed tumor growth and extended survival. Spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed that GITR expression was predominantly localized to lymphocytes in close proximity to tumor cells in human PDAC. Additionally, long-term survival PDAC patients showed high levels of GITR+ lymphocytes, underscoring its clinical relevance.

Conclusions

This study identifies GITR as a key regulator of the immunosuppressive TME in PDAC. By promoting T cell activation and effector functions, GITR represents a promising target for immunotherapeutic treatment in PDAC. Combining GITR activation with standard chemotherapy may offer a promising strategy to improve outcomes for PDAC patients.

Graphical abstract