<p>In this paper, we first define a discrete version of the fractional Laplace operator <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="526_2025_3074_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((-\Delta )^{s}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> through the heat semigroup on a stochastically complete, connected, locally finite graph. Moreover, we introduce a fractional Sobolev space, which is necessary when we study problems involving <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="526_2025_3074_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((-\Delta )^{s}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Thirdly, we define the fractional divergence, and then give another form of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="526_2025_3074_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((-\Delta )^s\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which leads to a formula of integration by parts. Finally, using the mountain-pass theorem and the Nehari manifold, we obtain multiplicity solutions to a discrete fractional Schrödinger equation. We caution the readers that though these existence results are well known in the continuous case, the discrete case is quite different.</p>

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Fractional Laplace operator and related Schrödinger equations on locally finite graphs

  • Mengjie Zhang,
  • Yong Lin,
  • Yunyan Yang

摘要

In this paper, we first define a discrete version of the fractional Laplace operator \((-\Delta )^{s}\) ( - Δ ) s through the heat semigroup on a stochastically complete, connected, locally finite graph. Moreover, we introduce a fractional Sobolev space, which is necessary when we study problems involving \((-\Delta )^{s}\) ( - Δ ) s . Thirdly, we define the fractional divergence, and then give another form of \((-\Delta )^s\) ( - Δ ) s , which leads to a formula of integration by parts. Finally, using the mountain-pass theorem and the Nehari manifold, we obtain multiplicity solutions to a discrete fractional Schrödinger equation. We caution the readers that though these existence results are well known in the continuous case, the discrete case is quite different.