A deep learning framework for automatic assessment of presence in virtual reality using multimodal behavioral cues
摘要
Effective development of virtual reality (VR) applications is heavily reliant on the evaluation of user experience (UX). However, traditional methods such as questionnaires have inherent limitations which hinder their ability to capture nuanced behavioral responses and impede the agility of VR content creation: They are time-consuming, burdensome for users, and require significant human effort for interpretation. This study introduces an automated framework aimed at addressing the limitations of questionnaire-based evaluations to assess UX in VR. Our primary focus is to validate the concept of this framework through assessment of the sense of presence (SOP), a crucial psychological perception with significant impact on VR UX. Our proposed framework utilizes a deep neural network (DNN) to analyze patterns in multimodal behavioral cues, including facial expressions, head movements, and hand movements, to predict scores from the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ). Additionally, we introduce two statistical profiles: the Visual Entropy Profile (VEP), which offers insights into visual complexity by depicting scene entropy, and the Experiential Presence Profile (EPP), which is designed to capture users’ historical SOP levels to enable personalized baseline and sensitivity estimation. The proposed framework achieves a significant correlation between actual and predicted IPQ scores, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.7303, showcasing the potential of DNNs in analyzing complex behavioral signals and automating SOP assessment. This study represents a pioneering effort in leveraging DNNs for the automatic assessment of SOP and paves the way for future advances in automatically assessing VR UX and unlocking new opportunities in the field.