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<p>This paper examines the statistical and deterministic properties of grid frequency in the continental European synchronous area using a&#xa0;publicly available data set from German transmission system operators. In a&#xa0;first step, the data is analysed and cleaned to prepare it for further investigation. Subsequently, the statistical properties of grid frequency are determined and the distribution function that is particularly well suited for modelling it is identified. The results show that the grid frequency is not normally distributed, but can be better described by a&#xa0;logistic distribution, especially for larger frequency deviations. The thesis also shows that the occurrence of deterministic frequency deviations affects the statistical properties of the grid frequency, in particular through cyclically time-varying location and scale of the logistic distribution. The random process to be described by the distribution function is obviously not time-invariant. The paper concludes with an outlook on possible further investigations that take into account the time dependence of the statistical properties of the grid frequency. It can be assumed that such influences are also present in other system properties, e.g., the system size or the composition of the current generation structure.</p>

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Statistische und deterministische Eigenschaften der Netzfrequenz im kontinentaleuropäischen Synchrongebiet

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Wolfgang Gawlik,
  • Julia Maria Toben

摘要

This paper examines the statistical and deterministic properties of grid frequency in the continental European synchronous area using a publicly available data set from German transmission system operators. In a first step, the data is analysed and cleaned to prepare it for further investigation. Subsequently, the statistical properties of grid frequency are determined and the distribution function that is particularly well suited for modelling it is identified. The results show that the grid frequency is not normally distributed, but can be better described by a logistic distribution, especially for larger frequency deviations. The thesis also shows that the occurrence of deterministic frequency deviations affects the statistical properties of the grid frequency, in particular through cyclically time-varying location and scale of the logistic distribution. The random process to be described by the distribution function is obviously not time-invariant. The paper concludes with an outlook on possible further investigations that take into account the time dependence of the statistical properties of the grid frequency. It can be assumed that such influences are also present in other system properties, e.g., the system size or the composition of the current generation structure.