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<p>Proximity sensors are indispensable in a&#xa0;wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the automation sector where robotic systems play a&#xa0;central role. With the growing adoption of robotic automation, there is an increasing demand for advanced robotic end-effectors that require sensors that are not only reliable but also thin, flexible, and conformable to various surfaces. In this work, we present the development of an ultra-thin, flexible capacitive proximity sensor patch. The sensors were initially printed on a&#xa0;planar substrate using a&#xa0;scalable printing process and subsequently transformed into a&#xa0;conformable sensor patch suitable for integration on complex 3D surfaces. The patch consists of a&#xa0;5 × 1 sensor array, and the array was designed to detect objects approaching from any direction around the sensor. The fabricated sensors are based on a&#xa0;single-layer design, making them lightweight and ideal for integration into soft or flexible robotic systems. Proximity response was first evaluated using a&#xa0;metal indenter moved across a&#xa0;0–2 mm range, showing clear stepwise transitions at each 0.5 mm interval. The sensor was subjected to 5000 proximity cycles to assess stability, and the results demonstrated highly repeatable signal patterns. This work demonstrates a&#xa0;cost-effective and scalable approach for fabricating conformable proximity sensors, well-suited for future robotic and automation applications.</p>

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Printed origami-based proximity sensors for integration into three-dimensional objects

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月6日

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  • Gidugu Lakshmi Srinivas,
  • Mani Teja Vijjapu,
  • Mathias Brandstötter

摘要

Proximity sensors are indispensable in a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the automation sector where robotic systems play a central role. With the growing adoption of robotic automation, there is an increasing demand for advanced robotic end-effectors that require sensors that are not only reliable but also thin, flexible, and conformable to various surfaces. In this work, we present the development of an ultra-thin, flexible capacitive proximity sensor patch. The sensors were initially printed on a planar substrate using a scalable printing process and subsequently transformed into a conformable sensor patch suitable for integration on complex 3D surfaces. The patch consists of a 5 × 1 sensor array, and the array was designed to detect objects approaching from any direction around the sensor. The fabricated sensors are based on a single-layer design, making them lightweight and ideal for integration into soft or flexible robotic systems. Proximity response was first evaluated using a metal indenter moved across a 0–2 mm range, showing clear stepwise transitions at each 0.5 mm interval. The sensor was subjected to 5000 proximity cycles to assess stability, and the results demonstrated highly repeatable signal patterns. This work demonstrates a cost-effective and scalable approach for fabricating conformable proximity sensors, well-suited for future robotic and automation applications.