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<p>The growing volume of photovoltaic modules reaching their end-of-life calls for increased research efforts to develop efficient, scalable recycling processes. The challenge is to separate the layers of PV modules (front sheet, encapsulation, cell layer, and back sheet), which may be inorganic or polymer-based, in such a&#xa0;way that they can be easily and cost-effectively recycled or disposed of via waste streams. This contribution examines a&#xa0;combined processing approach integrating mechanical, wet-mechanical, and chemical-mechanical steps. The process begins with water jet-based composite separation to recover a&#xa0;backsheet and a&#xa0;cell layer fraction.</p><p>Following a&#xa0;mechanical comminution, wet-mechanical sorting takes place by means of two-stage density separation using a&#xa0;hydrodynamic centrifugal separator. While polymer-rich fractions are efficiently concentrated in the light fraction, the cell layer fraction exhibits a&#xa0;broad density distribution due to composite particles.</p><p>Additionally, a&#xa0;chemical-mechanical treatment is employed in which the encapsulation material is modified using solvent-based processes. The results demonstrate that the subsequent swelling and partial dissolution of the polymer significantly improve the liberation characteristics.</p><p>This study demonstrates that the efficiency of wet-mechanical separation is primarily determined by the degree of liberation and that complete separation can only be achieved through a&#xa0;combination of physical and chemical processes.</p>

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Einfluss des Aufschlussgrades auf die nassmechanische und chemisch-mechanische Aufbereitung von Photovoltaik-Modulen

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Ferozan Azizi,
  • Sonja Feldbacher,
  • Milutin Bjelic,
  • Daniel Schwabl,
  • Helmut Flachberger,
  • Gernot Oreski,
  • Thomas Nigl

摘要

The growing volume of photovoltaic modules reaching their end-of-life calls for increased research efforts to develop efficient, scalable recycling processes. The challenge is to separate the layers of PV modules (front sheet, encapsulation, cell layer, and back sheet), which may be inorganic or polymer-based, in such a way that they can be easily and cost-effectively recycled or disposed of via waste streams. This contribution examines a combined processing approach integrating mechanical, wet-mechanical, and chemical-mechanical steps. The process begins with water jet-based composite separation to recover a backsheet and a cell layer fraction.

Following a mechanical comminution, wet-mechanical sorting takes place by means of two-stage density separation using a hydrodynamic centrifugal separator. While polymer-rich fractions are efficiently concentrated in the light fraction, the cell layer fraction exhibits a broad density distribution due to composite particles.

Additionally, a chemical-mechanical treatment is employed in which the encapsulation material is modified using solvent-based processes. The results demonstrate that the subsequent swelling and partial dissolution of the polymer significantly improve the liberation characteristics.

This study demonstrates that the efficiency of wet-mechanical separation is primarily determined by the degree of liberation and that complete separation can only be achieved through a combination of physical and chemical processes.