Alterations in antioxidant minerals and oxidative stress biomarkers with altitude among young Indian males
摘要
Chronic exposure to hypoxia occurs in lowland populations, including soldiers, adventurers, tourists, and porters, during their ascent to high altitude. Hypobaric hypoxia induces oxidative stress and impairs the metabolism of micro minerals, including selenium, zinc, iron, and copper. The role of metalloproteins and their associated microminerals in preventing oxidative stress at different altitudes is incompletely understood. In this study, plasma samples were collected from lowlanders at sea level (SL), moderate altitude (A1-1585 m, A2-2290 m), and high altitude (A3-3500 m). Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) levels. Antioxidant metalloproteins, including Copper-Zinc Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Metallothionein (MT), Selenoprotein 1 (SEPP1), were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lipid peroxidation was assessed through malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroperoxides through ferrous oxidation xylenol orange; FOX1 assay. We found that Se, Zn, Cu, and Fe levels were higher (p < 0.01) at A2 compared to SL and lower (p < 0.01) at A3 compared to A2. MT levels were higher (p < 0.01) at A1 and A3 compared to SL. SEPP1 levels were higher (p < 0.001) at A3 compared to SL, A1, and A2. Cu-Zn SOD levels were higher at A3 (p = 0.006). GPx levels remained consistent across all altitudes. MDA levels were significantly elevated (p = 0.013) at A3 compared to SL, while the FOX assay showed increased hydroperoxide levels (p < 0.001) at A2 and A3 as compared to SL. Our findings demonstrate that hypoxia leads to variations in micromineral levels at different altitudes, accompanied by elevated oxidative stress and dysregulated antioxidant metalloproteins potentially reflecting adaptive responses to oxidative stress at high altitude.
Graphical abstract