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<p>The widespread accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils globally poses significant threats to food security, ecosystem balance, and human health. Therefore, identifying sources of PTEs and assessing ecological and health risks are crucial for agricultural areas. To address these challenges, this study investigates the features of the content and spatial distributions, quantitative source contributions, and risk levels of the PTEs in agricultural soils from SW China. A total of 156 topsoil samples were collected and analyzed, revealing the following mean concentrations of PTEs: Cr (80.18&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Zn (72.53&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Pb (28.87&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Cu (24.53&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Ni (22.58&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; As (4.96&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Cd (0.39&#xa0;mg/kg) &gt; Hg (0.33&#xa0;mg/kg). Notably, Hg and Cd exhibited abnormal levels compared to natural background levels (NBLs) and risk screening values (RSVs), as confirmed by their spatial distribution patterns. Source apportionment using correlation analysis and the PCA-APCS-MLR model identified the primary sources, including soil parent materials (36.85%), agricultural processes (31.77%), mineral exploitation (26.41%), and atmospheric deposition (4.97%). The mean <i>E</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> levels of the PTEs were ordered as Hg (25.77) &gt; Cd (20.78) &gt; As (6.44) &gt; Pb (4.16) &gt; Ni (3.98) &gt; Cu (3.91) &gt; Cr (1.61) &gt; Zn (0.86). Ecological risk assessment indicated that the mean potential ecological risk index (RI) was below the threshold (RI &lt; 150), suggesting an overall low risk; whereas the south and the east parts of the study area were identified as the high-risk regions. Health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic (THI) and carcinogenic (TCR) risks, particularly for children (THI<sub>max</sub>: 1.08, TCR<sub>max</sub>: 1.29E − 04), who were more vulnerable than adults (THI<sub>max</sub>: 1.56E − 01, TCR<sub>max</sub>: 7.46E − 05). The health risk indicators revealed that the northwestern and southern parts of the study area had higher human health risks. The sensitivity analysis showed that EF, Ring, and Cr element possessed the highest weights, contributing to an increase of the health risk. Although the study cannot exhibit long-term trends in PTE dynamics under an evolving environment, the findings still provide valuable insights for protecting the soil environment in agricultural areas worldwide.</p>

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Using PCA-APCS-MLR and Monte-Carlo models to quantify the source and ecological-health risk of soil potentially toxic elements in a typical agricultural area

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • Ying Wang,
  • Shiming Yang,
  • Jiang Xiao,
  • Shuang Zhao,
  • Yangshuang Wang,
  • Ming Luo,
  • Md Galal Uddin,
  • Yunhui Zhang

摘要

The widespread accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils globally poses significant threats to food security, ecosystem balance, and human health. Therefore, identifying sources of PTEs and assessing ecological and health risks are crucial for agricultural areas. To address these challenges, this study investigates the features of the content and spatial distributions, quantitative source contributions, and risk levels of the PTEs in agricultural soils from SW China. A total of 156 topsoil samples were collected and analyzed, revealing the following mean concentrations of PTEs: Cr (80.18 mg/kg) > Zn (72.53 mg/kg) > Pb (28.87 mg/kg) > Cu (24.53 mg/kg) > Ni (22.58 mg/kg) > As (4.96 mg/kg) > Cd (0.39 mg/kg) > Hg (0.33 mg/kg). Notably, Hg and Cd exhibited abnormal levels compared to natural background levels (NBLs) and risk screening values (RSVs), as confirmed by their spatial distribution patterns. Source apportionment using correlation analysis and the PCA-APCS-MLR model identified the primary sources, including soil parent materials (36.85%), agricultural processes (31.77%), mineral exploitation (26.41%), and atmospheric deposition (4.97%). The mean Ei levels of the PTEs were ordered as Hg (25.77) > Cd (20.78) > As (6.44) > Pb (4.16) > Ni (3.98) > Cu (3.91) > Cr (1.61) > Zn (0.86). Ecological risk assessment indicated that the mean potential ecological risk index (RI) was below the threshold (RI < 150), suggesting an overall low risk; whereas the south and the east parts of the study area were identified as the high-risk regions. Health risk assessments revealed significant non-carcinogenic (THI) and carcinogenic (TCR) risks, particularly for children (THImax: 1.08, TCRmax: 1.29E − 04), who were more vulnerable than adults (THImax: 1.56E − 01, TCRmax: 7.46E − 05). The health risk indicators revealed that the northwestern and southern parts of the study area had higher human health risks. The sensitivity analysis showed that EF, Ring, and Cr element possessed the highest weights, contributing to an increase of the health risk. Although the study cannot exhibit long-term trends in PTE dynamics under an evolving environment, the findings still provide valuable insights for protecting the soil environment in agricultural areas worldwide.