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<p>The advancement of sustainable bioelectrochemical systems requires anode materials that simultaneously deliver high power output, structural robustness, and controlled biodegradability. This study develops a new class of composite bioanodes by integrating biosynthesized medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) with sugarcane bagasse–derived hydrochars possessing tailored surface chemistries namely raw (PHA-R), phosphate (PHA-P), and sulfonated (PHA-S), and compares their performance to a carbon-nanotube equivalent (PHA-C). The biocompatible mcl-PHA matrix acts as a multifunctional binder that improves electrode cohesion and ion transport, while hydrochar porosity and functional groups regulate interfacial charge transfer and microbial adhesion. Polarization analysis shows that the PHA-R composite achieves an average open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 938 ± 4 mV with a maximum power density of 1.5 ± 0.1&#xa0;W/m<sup>2</sup> and current density of 3.2 ± 0.2&#xa0;A/m<sup>2</sup>, outperforming its non-polymeric counterpart. PHA-P and PHA-S composites also enhance power output up to 1.4 ± 0.1&#xa0;W/m<sup>2</sup>, and current generation up to 3.6 ± 0.1&#xa0;A/m<sup>2</sup> relative to their respective pristine hydrochar MFC setups, highlighting strong polymer-carbon synergy. The PHA-C control MFC set up recorded the lowest power output exhibiting 901 ± 4 mV, 0.4 ± 0.0&#xa0;W/m<sup>2</sup> and 1.7 ± 0.1&#xa0;A/m<sup>2</sup>. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that PHA-R and PHA-P composites substantially lower charge-transfer resistance compared with the control (PHA-C). Post-MFC operation, PHA-P and PHA-R retained the highest electrochemical activities, with specific capacitances of 26.3 and 16.9&#xa0;F/g respectively, while PHA-S showed minimal capacitance of 4.6&#xa0;F/g. Gel permeation chromatography further indicates reductions in mcl-PHA molecular weight, suggesting that biodegradation behavior can be modulated, although swelling and degradation should be carefully managed to maintain long-term anode stability.</p>

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Synergistic medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate–hydrochar composite anodes for stable, high-power microbial fuel cells with customized biodegradation behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Abdul Azeez Olayiwola Sirajudeen,
  • Shaliza Ibrahim,
  • Mohamad Suffian Mohamad Annuar,
  • Kamil Kayode Katibi,
  • Muhammad Fikri Zulkornain,
  • Mohd Arif Dar,
  • Siti Rohana Majid,
  • Temitope Theophilus Dele-Afolabi

摘要

The advancement of sustainable bioelectrochemical systems requires anode materials that simultaneously deliver high power output, structural robustness, and controlled biodegradability. This study develops a new class of composite bioanodes by integrating biosynthesized medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) with sugarcane bagasse–derived hydrochars possessing tailored surface chemistries namely raw (PHA-R), phosphate (PHA-P), and sulfonated (PHA-S), and compares their performance to a carbon-nanotube equivalent (PHA-C). The biocompatible mcl-PHA matrix acts as a multifunctional binder that improves electrode cohesion and ion transport, while hydrochar porosity and functional groups regulate interfacial charge transfer and microbial adhesion. Polarization analysis shows that the PHA-R composite achieves an average open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 938 ± 4 mV with a maximum power density of 1.5 ± 0.1 W/m2 and current density of 3.2 ± 0.2 A/m2, outperforming its non-polymeric counterpart. PHA-P and PHA-S composites also enhance power output up to 1.4 ± 0.1 W/m2, and current generation up to 3.6 ± 0.1 A/m2 relative to their respective pristine hydrochar MFC setups, highlighting strong polymer-carbon synergy. The PHA-C control MFC set up recorded the lowest power output exhibiting 901 ± 4 mV, 0.4 ± 0.0 W/m2 and 1.7 ± 0.1 A/m2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that PHA-R and PHA-P composites substantially lower charge-transfer resistance compared with the control (PHA-C). Post-MFC operation, PHA-P and PHA-R retained the highest electrochemical activities, with specific capacitances of 26.3 and 16.9 F/g respectively, while PHA-S showed minimal capacitance of 4.6 F/g. Gel permeation chromatography further indicates reductions in mcl-PHA molecular weight, suggesting that biodegradation behavior can be modulated, although swelling and degradation should be carefully managed to maintain long-term anode stability.