Integrated one-pot ultrasound-assisted method for carotenoid extraction from Rhodosporidium toruloides
摘要
Rhodosporidium toruloides is widely recognized for its capacity to accumulate high-value carotenoids with applications across food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Despite this potential, the recovery of microbial carotenoids remains constrained by conventional extraction protocols that rely on several steps and the utilization of considerable volumes of chemicals, which increase chemical demand, processing time, and energy consumption. In this study, a one-pot sonication method was developed in which cell disruption and carotenoid extraction occur simultaneously. A Box–Behnken design was used to optimize temperature, extraction time, and broth-to-methanol ratio, showing 60 °C, 20 min, and a 1:1 broth-to-solvent ratio as the optimal conditions. Under these conditions, the method achieved an extraction efficiency of 120.2% with 2.46 ± 0.12 mg/L, representing a 1.2-fold improvement over the conventional acid–acetone protocol. The one-pot method reduced solvent consumption by 91.4% and decreased total energy use from 6750.27 kJ to 4242 kJ (a 37% reduction). Furthermore, scale-up to 500 mL yielded 2.76 ± 0.18 mg/L of carotenoids, confirming robustness and reproducibility. In general, the method provides an energy-efficient and sustainable alternative for microbial carotenoid extraction.
Graphical Abstract