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<p>This study comprehensively investigates the 2002–2005 volcanic unrest at Changbaishan Volcano in Northeast China by integrating multi-parametric datasets. These datasets include seismic monitoring data, ground deformation measurements (such as GPS, leveling, and InSAR data), atmospheric remote sensing data (MERRA-2 reanalysis), and gas geochemistry data. During the unrest period, there was a notable increase in seismic activity, mainly characterized by volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and repeating earthquake families. This suggests enhanced magmatic processes at depth. Analyses of ground deformation revealed consistent surface inflation, which can be interpreted as the pressurization and expansion of a shallow crustal magma reservoir. Complementary atmospheric data, especially the peaks in Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentrations in May 2003, further confirmed volcanic degassing and were temporally correlated with the onset of magma recharge. To assess the reliability of unrest indicators, we classified the datasets into distinct confidence tiers based on data quality and interpretative robustness. By synthesizing these multi-disciplinary observations, we accurately reconstructed a detailed time-evolution model of the unrest. This model delineates four key phases: (1) Unrest starts, (2) Magma recharge starts, (3) Peak and transition, and (4) Return to background. Given Changbaishan’s geological context, historically active felsic caldera with long repose intervals, and recently as a tourist attraction site, our findings emphasize the necessity of continuous, multi-method surveillance of its magmatic activities. This surveillance should combine geophysical, geodetic, and geochemical/geothermal monitoring to effectively detect precursory signals and evaluate future eruptive hazards. This study also provides a valuable framework for interpreting unrest dynamics in similar caldera systems worldwide.</p>

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A critical review of the 2002–2005 volcanic unrest at Changbaishan Volcano, NE China: implications for future volcanic activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Guoming Liu,
  • Zhengfu Guo,
  • Jiandong Xu,
  • Feixiang Wei,
  • Guangpei Zhong,
  • Mengmeng Li

摘要

This study comprehensively investigates the 2002–2005 volcanic unrest at Changbaishan Volcano in Northeast China by integrating multi-parametric datasets. These datasets include seismic monitoring data, ground deformation measurements (such as GPS, leveling, and InSAR data), atmospheric remote sensing data (MERRA-2 reanalysis), and gas geochemistry data. During the unrest period, there was a notable increase in seismic activity, mainly characterized by volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and repeating earthquake families. This suggests enhanced magmatic processes at depth. Analyses of ground deformation revealed consistent surface inflation, which can be interpreted as the pressurization and expansion of a shallow crustal magma reservoir. Complementary atmospheric data, especially the peaks in Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentrations in May 2003, further confirmed volcanic degassing and were temporally correlated with the onset of magma recharge. To assess the reliability of unrest indicators, we classified the datasets into distinct confidence tiers based on data quality and interpretative robustness. By synthesizing these multi-disciplinary observations, we accurately reconstructed a detailed time-evolution model of the unrest. This model delineates four key phases: (1) Unrest starts, (2) Magma recharge starts, (3) Peak and transition, and (4) Return to background. Given Changbaishan’s geological context, historically active felsic caldera with long repose intervals, and recently as a tourist attraction site, our findings emphasize the necessity of continuous, multi-method surveillance of its magmatic activities. This surveillance should combine geophysical, geodetic, and geochemical/geothermal monitoring to effectively detect precursory signals and evaluate future eruptive hazards. This study also provides a valuable framework for interpreting unrest dynamics in similar caldera systems worldwide.