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<p>The 2018 Kilauea eruption has been extensively studied to unravel its complex dynamics. Monitoring velocity changes around the volcano over time and depth is crucial for distinguishing magma behavior from other factors. By analyzing ambient noise sources in Hawaii, we employed surface wave interferometry to measure average time-frequency velocity changes of the medium related to the 2018 Kilauea eruption, using volcanic tremor (1–3&#xa0;s) for pre-eruption changes and oceanic noise (3–5&#xa0;s) for changes after the eruption onset. Depth-dependent relative shear velocity changes were obtained using a weighted-damped least squares inversion. The results showed a clear positive velocity change with an average amplitude of + 1.3% within a depth range of 0.8–1.5&#xa0;km, corresponding to the depth of the Halema’uma’u reservoir, in the 6 months preceding the eruption. Following the Mw 6.9 earthquake as well as the eruption onset, a rapid velocity drop was observed at depths shallower than 3.5&#xa0;km. However, a notable velocity increase was detected at depths of 2–5&#xa0;km 1 month later, lasting until mid-August, consistent with the depth of the south caldera reservoir (SCR). Modeling suggests that magma upwelling into the SCR produces strong radial compression in the surrounding rock, likely leading to the closure of pre-existing concentric cracks near the reservoir periphery and an increase in seismic wave velocity. These results provide new insights into the evolution of Kilauea during its progressive collapse.</p>

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Depth-dependent velocity changes in the 2018 Kilauea eruption: insights into magma behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Cong Zhou,
  • Lei Fu,
  • Xiangzhi Zeng,
  • Meng Zhang,
  • Pei Zhang,
  • Kexu Shi,
  • Lingyun Ji,
  • Qingliang Wang

摘要

The 2018 Kilauea eruption has been extensively studied to unravel its complex dynamics. Monitoring velocity changes around the volcano over time and depth is crucial for distinguishing magma behavior from other factors. By analyzing ambient noise sources in Hawaii, we employed surface wave interferometry to measure average time-frequency velocity changes of the medium related to the 2018 Kilauea eruption, using volcanic tremor (1–3 s) for pre-eruption changes and oceanic noise (3–5 s) for changes after the eruption onset. Depth-dependent relative shear velocity changes were obtained using a weighted-damped least squares inversion. The results showed a clear positive velocity change with an average amplitude of + 1.3% within a depth range of 0.8–1.5 km, corresponding to the depth of the Halema’uma’u reservoir, in the 6 months preceding the eruption. Following the Mw 6.9 earthquake as well as the eruption onset, a rapid velocity drop was observed at depths shallower than 3.5 km. However, a notable velocity increase was detected at depths of 2–5 km 1 month later, lasting until mid-August, consistent with the depth of the south caldera reservoir (SCR). Modeling suggests that magma upwelling into the SCR produces strong radial compression in the surrounding rock, likely leading to the closure of pre-existing concentric cracks near the reservoir periphery and an increase in seismic wave velocity. These results provide new insights into the evolution of Kilauea during its progressive collapse.