Global occurrence of large volcanic collapses in a changing climate
摘要
A changing climate may have implications for volcanic hazards, particularly those involving landslides and sector collapse. Here, I present a semi-quantitative analysis of large volcanic event inventory in worldwide examples during Quaternary periods, using Google Earth imagery and published data on Quaternary volcanoes worldwide. Volume, area, the run-out distance on the surface avalanche units, and the ratio of the vertical drop with run-out distance are calculated to characterize the avalanche mobility. The morphological parameters of volcanic destabilization imply critical stability of volcanic edifices and the cyclic evolution of volcanoes. The alignment of collapsed volcano complexes along fault zones corresponds to the slab depths of oblique subduction zones. The statistical dataset is used to develop some governing equations, which suggest a co-genetic evolution of avalanche deposits. Positive correlations have been found between times, latitudes, the ratios of the vertical drop with run-out distance ranging from 0.05 to 0.18, the run-out distance, and the volume or flow area of avalanche deposits. The morphological variations of the debris avalanche deposits are associated with the avalanche dam breakout and reworked deposits with matrix transformation and dilution during Quaternary climatic variations. The oldest Pleistocene avalanche deposits show successive transformations into lahar deposits within a continental extensional context. Flow transformations are identified during the transitional context of the Maunder Minimum during the Little Ice Age. Climatic conditions during the Greenlandian and Spörer Minimums contribute to reducing the large volcanic destabilization. These results highlight the importance of semi-quantitative studies along avalanche fault zones in order to better constrain subsequent hazardous flows caused by climate change.