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<p>The <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex (MAC) houses several pathogens that cause diseases in humans, ruminants, and birds. They are widely distributed in soils and water worldwide. In immunocompromised humans, MAC is responsible for nodular bronchiectasis and fibrocavitary lung diseases. The treatment of lung diseases induced by MAC remains difficult owing to antibiotic intolerance and disease recurrence. In this study, we compared the genome sequences of 90 complete MAC genomes and explored the factors shaping codon usage bias in the bacteria within MAC. Additionally, we studied the relationship between codon bias and pathogenic adaptation. The genome sizes ranged from 4.7 to 6.5&#xa0;Mb. Variation in the mobile genetic elements and the number of CRISPR candidates was observed amongst the bacteria within MAC. Synonymous codon usage analysis divulged variations among subspecies, high codon usage bias, substantial heterogeneity in codon usage patterns, and moderate use of optimal codons. High GC3 content and elevated levels of CAI (a metric for gene expression levels) in all probability assisted the bacteria within MAC in adjusting to different host environments. Translational selection pressure prevailed over compositional bias and mutational selection in these organisms. Our analysis revealed differences in the tRNA content amongst the bacteria in MAC. The translational selective pressure enabled the adaptation of these pathogenic bacteria to competitive pressure in diverse environments and niches by maintaining a lesser number of tRNAs and lower tAI values.</p>

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Genome comparison of the bacteria in Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) reveals the role of translational selection in shaping codon usage patterns

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Anindita Banerjee,
  • Saubashya Sur

摘要

The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) houses several pathogens that cause diseases in humans, ruminants, and birds. They are widely distributed in soils and water worldwide. In immunocompromised humans, MAC is responsible for nodular bronchiectasis and fibrocavitary lung diseases. The treatment of lung diseases induced by MAC remains difficult owing to antibiotic intolerance and disease recurrence. In this study, we compared the genome sequences of 90 complete MAC genomes and explored the factors shaping codon usage bias in the bacteria within MAC. Additionally, we studied the relationship between codon bias and pathogenic adaptation. The genome sizes ranged from 4.7 to 6.5 Mb. Variation in the mobile genetic elements and the number of CRISPR candidates was observed amongst the bacteria within MAC. Synonymous codon usage analysis divulged variations among subspecies, high codon usage bias, substantial heterogeneity in codon usage patterns, and moderate use of optimal codons. High GC3 content and elevated levels of CAI (a metric for gene expression levels) in all probability assisted the bacteria within MAC in adjusting to different host environments. Translational selection pressure prevailed over compositional bias and mutational selection in these organisms. Our analysis revealed differences in the tRNA content amongst the bacteria in MAC. The translational selective pressure enabled the adaptation of these pathogenic bacteria to competitive pressure in diverse environments and niches by maintaining a lesser number of tRNAs and lower tAI values.