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<p>Morphologically based species identification of Clupeiformes larvae and juveniles is challenging due to extreme similarities such as melanophore patterns, anus position, and body shape. To address these difficulties, we provide the first description of osteological development in Kammal thryssa (<i>Thryssa kammalensis</i>; Engraulidae) using Alizarin red S staining, based on 80 larval specimens (6.5–30.6&#xa0;mm total length) collected from the southwestern coasts of Korea during June and July in 2023 and 2024. Several visceral skeletal elements, including the maxilla, first ossified at 6.5&#xa0;mm TL. Most neurocranial and pectoral fin elements began to ossify at 12.9&#xa0;mm TL. Vertebral ossification began mid-body at 11.7&#xa0;mm SL, extended bidirectionally. Most caudal skeletal elements ossified at 15.7&#xa0;mm TL, whereas the majority of the visceral skeleton and orbital elements began to ossify at 17.7&#xa0;mm TL. Skeletal elements comprising the pelvic fin appeared at 18.5&#xa0;mm TL. All skeletal elements completed ossification by 30.6&#xa0;mm TL. The bluntly protruding posterior end of the parasphenoid and the absence of the postcleithrum represent distinctive morphological characteristics within Clupeiformes, indicating their potential for phylogenetic studies. This study provides the first description of skeletal development in larvae and juveniles of the <i>Thryssa kammalensis</i> inhabiting Korean waters, serving as valuable baseline data for the identification of Clupeiformes species with similar external morphologies.</p>

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Osteological development of the larvae and juveniles of Thryssa kammalensis (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the Southwestern Coasts of Korea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Hyeon-Jun Ryu,
  • Se Hun Myoung,
  • Sang-Chul Yoon,
  • Jeong-Hoon Lee,
  • Jin-Koo Kim

摘要

Morphologically based species identification of Clupeiformes larvae and juveniles is challenging due to extreme similarities such as melanophore patterns, anus position, and body shape. To address these difficulties, we provide the first description of osteological development in Kammal thryssa (Thryssa kammalensis; Engraulidae) using Alizarin red S staining, based on 80 larval specimens (6.5–30.6 mm total length) collected from the southwestern coasts of Korea during June and July in 2023 and 2024. Several visceral skeletal elements, including the maxilla, first ossified at 6.5 mm TL. Most neurocranial and pectoral fin elements began to ossify at 12.9 mm TL. Vertebral ossification began mid-body at 11.7 mm SL, extended bidirectionally. Most caudal skeletal elements ossified at 15.7 mm TL, whereas the majority of the visceral skeleton and orbital elements began to ossify at 17.7 mm TL. Skeletal elements comprising the pelvic fin appeared at 18.5 mm TL. All skeletal elements completed ossification by 30.6 mm TL. The bluntly protruding posterior end of the parasphenoid and the absence of the postcleithrum represent distinctive morphological characteristics within Clupeiformes, indicating their potential for phylogenetic studies. This study provides the first description of skeletal development in larvae and juveniles of the Thryssa kammalensis inhabiting Korean waters, serving as valuable baseline data for the identification of Clupeiformes species with similar external morphologies.